{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='US scientists turn back the clock to develop new crops' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bc8ad8eafeecae12d6c1' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bc8ad8eafeecae12d6c1' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nUS scientists turn back the clock to develop new crops\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eThis Kansas field could be a small step toward a big leap forward in agriculture. Researchers from the non-profit research organisation the Land Institute are working to turn this wheatgrass into a viable crop to replace the standard...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eThis Kansas field could be a small step toward a big leap forward in agriculture. \u003cbr/\u003eResearchers from the non-profit research organisation the Land Institute are working to turn this wheatgrass into a viable crop to replace the standard wheat now grown to make bread across the world. \u003cbr/\u003eCompared with traditional wheat, wheatgrass has one key advantage: it's a perennial.\u003cbr/\u003eThat means the same plant grows year after year, unlike annuals, which have to be freshly planted. \u003cbr/\u003eThe top grain crops worldwide are annuals and farmers use a lot of fertilisers to get the plants to grow and produce. \u003cbr/\u003eToo much or too little water, extreme cold or heat and an array of pests can destroy a crop. \u003cbr/\u003e\"Ten thousand years ago, when we started agriculture, why, we had to tear up nature's ecosystem in order to get the grains, the seedbed to germinate. Well, what we're saying is that's the beginning of the idea that nature is to be subdued or ignored,\" says Wes Jackson, the president of the Land Institute.\u003cbr/\u003eLand Institute scientists say the first farmers chose to grow annuals, despite their shortcomings, because they had higher yields and the early farmers weren't able to develop perennial grains. \u003cbr/\u003eWith an annual crop, one growing season brings food. Perennials take longer - more like a slow investment that brings wealth over time. \u003cbr/\u003eEarly civilisations couldn't afford to wait for food: they needed it straight away.\u003cbr/\u003eBut turning the perennial wheatgrass into a viable crop is a pretty tough problem.\u003cbr/\u003eWheatgrass grows too tall, so it can't support the heavy seed heads of traditional wheat, and the gluten content of wheatgrass pales in comparison to the wheat most farmers grow. \u003cbr/\u003eSo researchers at the Kansas site are pushing perennials to catch up to - and surpass - annuals. They use selective breeding - but no genetic modification. \u003cbr/\u003eOne of the key perennial traits they're seeking is a robust and extensive root system. \u003cbr/\u003eAs they wash away the soil and gravel from the roots of one variety of wheatgrass, it becomes clear that the roots make up the vast majority of the plant. \u003cbr/\u003eThese roots also go far deeper in the ground, finding moisture and nutrients where annual plants simply can't go. \u003cbr/\u003eCrops with roots like these not only can weather dry spells or extreme heat and cold, but they actually protect the farmland itself. \u003cbr/\u003e\"With the perennial root system, they're there year round so you don't have ground that's torn up and subject to the forces of wind and rain. And you get erosion. And there are two tacks, one is domesticating some wild perennial candidates and the other is crossing wild perennials with domestic grains,\" says Jackson.\u003cbr/\u003eThe institute has one experimental variety - Kernza - that is already being grown by farmers and used to make flour and brew beer. \u003cbr/\u003eBut, it's not quite ready to replace the standard winter wheat or other varieties farmed by hundreds of millions of tons. \u003cbr/\u003eLand Institute researchers say using perennials is only part of the solution to fixing what they consider the problems with monoculture farming with heavy use of chemicals to fertilise the soil and kill pests as well as intensive use of energy to till, plant and harvest.  \u003cbr/\u003eThey want to mimic the prairies of the Great Plains - by building domestic prairies where a variety of plants live side by side. \u003cbr/\u003eSome fix nitrogen in the soil, which then helps other plants grow. A variety of plant species also makes pests less destructive.\u003cbr/\u003eIf scientists like Jackson are right, planting crops like this will protect the land, which he says is critical to our survival.\u003cbr/\u003e\"If you imagine the periodic chart of the elements that we see in our chemistry classrooms. In the upper third of that chart are 20-some elements that go into life. There are only four of those in the atmospheric commons. The other 20-some are in that soil, the stuff of which we're made. And so, soil is more important than oil and as much of a non-renewable resource as oil.\"\u003cbr/\u003eThe traditional wheat farm has seemingly endless fields of grain. \u003cbr/\u003eOnly one plant grows in these fields, and often, it's bioengineered by a giant agriculture company. \u003cbr/\u003eSeed is expensive and requires fertiliser, herbicides and pesticides to keep unwanted plants and bugs from spoiling the harvest. \u003cbr/\u003eFields need to be seeded every season. \u003cbr/\u003eThough no-till farming is becoming more common, which cuts the massive erosion problems of the past, there are no long plant roots to hold the soil together once the plants are harvested. \u003cbr/\u003eOn top of that, the Land Institute says no-till farming requires heavy chemical use to control weeds.\u003cbr/\u003eGary Melander has been farming this area for decades. He's grown some of the Land Institute's experimental varieties and also done pilot harvesting of poly-culture fields.  \u003cbr/\u003eThough none of the Land Institute's crops is ready to replace the wheat he farms, Melander is intrigued by the idea of not having to buy seed year after year and cutting down the use of chemicals.\u003cbr/\u003e\"The potential is there, and it's exciting. If we can have a perennial crop, avoid tillage. And this crop appears right now like it's going to do its own weed control. If we can save our field and save chemicals, it's going to be a win-win situation,\" he says.  \u003cbr/\u003eExperts say it's critical that scientists move quickly to develop crop strains that can cope with more extreme weather, boost productivity and require fewer energy and chemical inputs. \u003cbr/\u003eThe nonprofit Donald Danforth Plant Science Center in St. Louis, Missouri, is the world's largest independent nonprofit research institute dedicated to plant science.\u003cbr/\u003eIts scientists are working to develop plants for food, fuel, fibre and medicine without hurting the environment. \u003cbr/\u003ePrinciple Investigator Tom Brutnell is the director of the Enterprise Institute for Renewable Fuels at the centre.\u003cbr/\u003eHe is working to turn the grass variety Setaria viridis into a stepping stone for better biofuels. \u003cbr/\u003eHe says population growth, a greater demand for grain-fed meat and shifting weather patterns are putting pressure on the food supply.\u003cbr/\u003eBrutnell sees value in the Land Institute's approach, but says the pressures on our food supply needs faster action.\u003cbr/\u003e\"It's great what the Land Institute is doing. And, I think there may be some room for developing some perennial crops. Certainly, some of the perennial wheat looks very promising. But, it's still a long way out.\"\u003cbr/\u003eAt the Danforth Center, researchers use genetic modification to speed up the development of plants to feed or fuel the world. \u003cbr/\u003e\"Pretty much wherever you turn, there's increasing pressure, whether it's the weather or it's population growth or economic development. And, we don't really have the luxury to pick and choose technologies or limit ourselves to technologies that are based on fear rather than science. And, we see the genetically modified organisms as a very powerful tool, coupled with breeding, coupled with selection to really improve crop productivity,\" says Brutnell.\u003cbr/\u003eBut genetically modified crops remain controversial, with some environmental groups arguing that their effects on ecosystems are difficult to predict.\u003cbr/\u003eIn 2013, flooding across the US damaged crops. Corn belt states in the Midwest, such as Missouri, were hit. \u003cbr/\u003eBut a drought in 2012 in the same area meant a corn harvest yielded about 25 percent lower than predicted. \u003cbr/\u003eClimate scientists say extreme weather swings may become increasingly common.\u003cbr/\u003eIt's pressures such as these that are leading today's scientists to try to reverse a choice made thousands of years ago on the kinds of plants we grow in our fields. \u003cbr/\u003eSaline, Kansas - 28 June 2013\u003cbr/\u003e1. Travelling shot through row of wheatgrass toward researcher\u003cbr/\u003e2. Mid of researchers cutting samples of plants \u003cbr/\u003e3. Low angle of researcher cutting plants\u003cbr/\u003e4. Close of researcher's hands as he cuts nitrogen-fixing plants\u003cbr/\u003e5. Close of grains on wheatgrass\u003cbr/\u003e6. SOUNDBITE: (English) Wes Jackson, Land Institute President:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Ten thousand years ago, when we started agriculture, why, we had to tear up nature's ecosystem in order to get the grains, the seedbed to germinate. Well, what we're saying is that's the beginning of the idea that nature is to be subdued or ignored.\"\u003cbr/\u003e7. Pan from researchers washing roots of a grain the Land Institute is developing to researcher talking with Jackson\u003cbr/\u003e8. Close of Jackson and researcher talking\u003cbr/\u003e9. Close of roots being sprayed with water\u003cbr/\u003e10. Pan from roots being washed to body of plant in bag, researcher takes off bag to reveal seed heads\u003cbr/\u003e11. Close of seed heads of a grain the Land Institute is developing\u003cbr/\u003e12. Close of researcher examining seed head\u003cbr/\u003e13. Tilt down from researchers to roots being cleaned \u003cbr/\u003e14. Tilt down from seed heads and stalks of a perennial grain to show its extensive cleaned roots\u003cbr/\u003e15. SOUNDBITE: (English) Wes Jackson, Land Institute President:\u003cbr/\u003e\"With the perennial root system, they're there year-round so you don't have ground that's torn up and subject to the forces of wind and rain, and you get erosion. And with the, there are two tacks, one is domesticating some wild perennial candidates and the other is crossing wild perennials with domestic grains.\"\u003cbr/\u003e16. Pan of fields where experimental plants are being grown, with sign reading \"Wauhob Prairie\" in foreground \u003cbr/\u003e17. Mid of field with variety of perennial plants, pink flags marking plants in development\u003cbr/\u003e18. Tilt down of sunflower in development\u003cbr/\u003e19. SOUNDBITE: (English) Wes Jackson, Land Institute President:\u003cbr/\u003e\"If you imagine the periodic chart of the elements that we see in our chemistry classrooms, in the upper third of that chart are 20-some elements that go into life. There are only four of those in the atmospheric commons. The other 20-some are in that soil, the stuff of which we're made. And so, soil is more important than oil and as much of a non-renewable resource as oil.\"\u003cbr/\u003e20. Wide of combine harvester harvesting wheat\u003cbr/\u003e21. Mid of combine harvesting wheat\u003cbr/\u003e22. Mid of wheat\u003cbr/\u003e23. Close of wheat seed heads\u003cbr/\u003e24. Mid of combine loading wheat into truck\u003cbr/\u003e25. Close of farmer Gary Melander helping worker get off combine, zoom out\u003cbr/\u003e26. SOUNDBITE: (English) Gary Melander, Saline County Farmer:\u003cbr/\u003e\"The potential is there, and it's exciting. If we can have a perennial crop, avoid tillage, and this crop appears right now like it's going to do its own weed control. If we can save our field and save chemicals, it'll be a win-win situation. \u003cbr/\u003eSt. Louis, Missouri - 6 August 2013\u003cbr/\u003e27. Pan of greenhouse at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center\u003cbr/\u003e28. Pan of Director of Enterprise Institute for Renewable Fuels at Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Dr Tom Brutnell, entering greenhouse\u003cbr/\u003e29. Mid of Brutnell examining Setaria viridis, a species of grass\u003cbr/\u003e30. Close of seed heads of Setaria viridis\u003cbr/\u003e31. Tilt from Brutnell's face to seed head \u003cbr/\u003e32. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Tom Brutnell, Director of Enterprise Institute for Renewable Fuels at Donald Danforth Plant Science Center:\u003cbr/\u003e\"It's great what the Land Institute is doing, and I think there may be some room for developing some perennial crops. Certainly, some of the perennial wheat looks very promising. But, it's still a long way out.\"\u003cbr/\u003e33. Pan of Setaria viridis that Danforth Center is developing\u003cbr/\u003e34. SOUNDBITE: (English) Tom Brutnell, Director of Enterprise Institute for Renewable Fuels at Donald Danforth Plant Science Center:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Pretty much wherever you turn, there's increasing pressure, whether it's the weather or it's population growth or economic development. And we don't really have the luxury to pick and choose technologies or limit ourselves to technologies that are based on fear rather than science. And, we see the genetically modified organisms as a very powerful tool, coupled with breeding, coupled with selection, to really improve crop productivity.\"\u003cbr/\u003eFILE: Clarksville, Missouri - 23 April 2013\u003cbr/\u003e35. Zoom out and tilt down from sign reading (English) \"Clarksville Touch the Mississippi\" to sandbag levee\u003cbr/\u003e36. Various of flooded fields \u003cbr/\u003eFILE: Elburn, Illinois - 10 July 2012\u003cbr/\u003e37. 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id=\"educator-rating-form-root\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-resource'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Show resource details' class='rp-show-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nShow resource details\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Video player' class='player' id='player-wrapper' role='region'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='relative container mx-auto' id='lp-boclips-visitor-thumbnail'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"block\" data-html=\"true\" data-placement=\"bottom\" data-trigger=\"click\" data-content=\"\u003cdiv class=\u0026quot;text-center py-2\u0026quot;\u003e\u003ca class=\u0026quot;bold\u0026quot; href=\u0026quot;/auth/users/sign_in\u0026quot;\u003eSign in\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca class=\u0026quot;bold text-danger\u0026quot; data-posthog-event=\u0026quot;Signup: LP Signup Activity\u0026quot; data-posthog-location=\u0026quot;body_link_boclips\u0026quot; data-remote=\u0026quot;true\u0026quot; href=\u0026quot;/subscription/new\u0026quot;\u003eJoin Now\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\" data-title=\"Get Full Access\" data-container=\"body\" rel=\"popover\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Play video: US scientists turn back the clock to develop new crops\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"resource-img img-thumbnail img-responsive z-10 lp-boclips-thumbnail w-full h-full lozad\" alt=\"US scientists turn back the clock to develop new crops\" title=\"US scientists turn back the clock to develop new crops\" onError=\"handleImageNotLoadedError(this)\" data-default-image=\"https://static.lp.lexp.cloud/images/attachment_defaults/resource/large/missing.png\" data-src=\"https://static.lp.lexp.cloud/images/attachment_defaults/resource/large/missing.png\" width=\"315\" height=\"220\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs\" /\u003e\n\u003cspan aria-hidden='true' class='flex justify-center items-center bg-white rounded-full w-16 h-16 absolute top-1/2 left-1/2 -mt-8 -ml-8 cursor-pointer z-0 border-2 border-primary drop-shadow-md lp-boclips-thumbnail-playBtn'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fa-solid fa-play text-primary text-3xl ml-1 drop-shadow-xl'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n"}