{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Pearls analysis to help determine whether they are natural or cultured' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bcead8eafeecae13032d' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54bcead8eafeecae13032d' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nPearls analysis to help determine whether they are natural or cultured\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003ePearls are alluring gems that symbolise purity, status and have always been very highly prized. But when the Japanese started producing cultured pearls early last century differentiating between the \"man-made\" and natural pearls became...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003ePearls are alluring gems that symbolise purity, status and have always been very highly prized. \u003cbr/\u003eBut when the Japanese started producing cultured pearls early last century differentiating between the \"man-made\" and natural pearls became important. \u003cbr/\u003eNowadays the distinction between the two has become ever more difficult as cultured pearl producers become increasingly sophisticated in imitating nature. \u003cbr/\u003ePearls, nature's beauty and for centuries man's obsession.\u003cbr/\u003eThese historic necklaces from China featured in a 2013 Victoria and Albert Museum's exhibition, which explored the history of the jewels from the early Roman Empire right up to modern day designs.\u003cbr/\u003eThe ability to distinguish a natural from a cultured pearl used to be a simple matter. \u003cbr/\u003eSomething that could be done by a trained eye, but with the difference in price between natural pearls and cultured pearls widening making the distinction has become more important.\u003cbr/\u003eIn Basel, Switzerland at the Schweizerisches Gemmologisches Institute (SSEF) a professional team are employed to deal with thousands of pieces of pearl jewellery that arrive for certification - much of it very expensive.\u003cbr/\u003eLaurent Cartier, Project manager at SSEF explains there are a number of different aspects about which clients require clarification. \u003cbr/\u003e\"The first one would be is the pearl natural or cultured? A second maybe be is it fresh water or salt water? So did it originate in a fresh water mussel or a salt water oyster. Then they will also want to know is the colour of the pearl is it of a natural origin or has it been treated or modified.\"\u003cbr/\u003eThe less a pearl has been tampered by man with the more valuable it is. \u003cbr/\u003eNatural pearls are very rare and highly prized. \u003cbr/\u003eSpecialist equipment has been developed to help scientists understand each pearl on a cellular level. \u003cbr/\u003eOnce the pearls have been logged in and measured by hand at the SSEF headquarters in Basel,  the physical examination begins using technology. \u003cbr/\u003eThe testing starts with a machine that separate fresh water from salt water pearls.\u003cbr/\u003eJudith Braun head of Analytics explains that the specially developed cabinet shows that a pearl originates in fresh water by disclosing it as having a far lighter colour.\u003cbr/\u003e\"This is an X-ray box that we have adapted for our pearl testing needs. The measurement procedure tests the pearls with 4 milli-amper and 94 kV coming from an X-ray source. This energy source may lead the pearls to react, if they are of freshwater origin then they will be bright on the image, if the pearls are of saltwater origin they will remain dark on the image.\" she says. \u003cbr/\u003eMichael Krzemnicki is a mineralogist and Director of SSEF. He says the conclusion always depends on combining the results of different tests that range from chemical analysis to 3D images.\u003cbr/\u003e\"We have plenty of instruments which help us to conclude. It is always when it gets to a result it's always a combination of many observations and of many analytical data. So it starts with radiography, there is chemical data which we get, we have reactions on the UV light, reactions on the x-rays. We have also instruments like tomography where we see very precise internal structures in three dimensions.\"\u003cbr/\u003eIn Zurich Joana Meyer who works as a researcher for the Department of Environmental System Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ) in Zurich has been able to genetically fingerprint a pearl. \u003cbr/\u003eThe process of obtaining a pearls DNA is complex but the results have been game changing and increased the quality of the final analysis. \u003cbr/\u003eMeyer says it is now possible to tell the species of oyster and where a pearl actually grew.\u003cbr/\u003e\"From this pearl powder we will extract the DNA. The first thing we do is dissolve it in order to release the DNA in solution. When we have the DNA we then want to read it, because when we can read it it tells us a lot of information. Like for example which pearl oyster it come from, which species, if its an oyster from the Arabian Gulf, or from Australia or from China and so on.\"\u003cbr/\u003eKrzemnicki says that the huge amount of cultured pearls flooding the market increases the value of antique natural pearls. \u003cbr/\u003e \"When we look at the pearl markets we have a big production of cultured pearls which in fact has also brought down the prices. So we have especially from China huge amounts of freshwater cultured pearls and they are very cheap generally. So we talk about 100 dollars maybe a few hundred dollars or even less. And we have on the other side very much a niche market of natural pearls very often also historical items where there were no cultured pearls at that time and these pearls have gone up in price tremendously over the last few years. There is like a boom in this market I have to say.\"\u003cbr/\u003eAlthough the human eye still remains important in reading results, laboratory testing is now the bedrock of all pearl certification.\u003cbr/\u003eThe water ponds of Shanxiahu town, in Eastern China's Zhejiang province, are the source of 90 percent of the world's pearls.\u003cbr/\u003eUnlike the saltwater pearl, which grows inside oysters one at a time, freshwater pearls form inside mussels, sometimes up to 20 or 30 per shell.\u003cbr/\u003eChina has been the leading pearl producer for decades, flooding the market with volumes of cheap orbs.\u003cbr/\u003eThis choker, made with three dozen pure Tahitian cultured saltwater pearls, is on sale at a high-end boutique in Shanghai for 10 million Chinese yuan, around 1,6 million US dollars.\u003cbr/\u003eThe cost comes from its rarity. Pearls are the only gems that come from a live animal.\u003cbr/\u003eAnd if every pearl is unique, as experts say, these are the purest among the special breed of dark-coloured gems.\u003cbr/\u003eThey are originally from the volcanic atolls of Manutea, the island in French Polynesia, where a geothermic water aids their cultivation.\u003cbr/\u003eThe collision of water currents and the rich natural life in the salty-water lagoons feed the oysters with extra shots of mineral nutrients.\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eLondon, UK - 9 October 2013\u003cbr/\u003e1. Mid of pearl necklaces on show at Victoria and Albert museum \u003cbr/\u003e2. Mid pull focus of 'Gothic Choker' necklace \u003cbr/\u003e3. Mid of 'Flowing Tide' necklace \u003cbr/\u003e4. Mid of 'Yagurama Obi Sash' \u003cbr/\u003e5. Close of 'Gothic Choker'.\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eSwitzerland, Basel 29th April 2014\u003cbr/\u003e6. Various of scientists at the Schweizerisches Gemmologisches Institute (SSEF) discussing an image of pearls on a computer screen \u003cbr/\u003e7. SOUNDBITE: (English) Laurent Cartier, Project Manager \u003cbr/\u003e\" We're actually asked a number of questions by clients. One is, the first one would be is the pearl natural or cultured? A second maybe be is it fresh water or salt water? So did it originate in a fresh water mussel or a salt water oyster. Then they will also want to know is the colour of the pearl is it of a natural origin or has it been treated or modified.\"\u003cbr/\u003e8. Various of Judith Braun, Head of Analytics at SSEF visually examining a pearl necklace.\u003cbr/\u003e9. Various of Judith Braun, Head of Analytics at SSEF putting the pearl necklace into an x-ray machine.\u003cbr/\u003e10. SOUNDBITE: (German)  Judith Braun, Head of Analytics at SSEF \u003cbr/\u003e\"This is an X-ray box that we have adapted for our pearl testing needs. The measurement procedure tests the pearls with 4 milli-amper and 94 kV coming from an X-ray source. This energy source may lead the pearls to react, if they are of freshwater origin then they will be bright on the image, if the pearls are of saltwater origin they will remain dark on the image.\"\u003cbr/\u003e11. Various of Judith Braun, Head of Analytics at SSEF Dr Michael Krzemnicki, mineralogist and Director of SSEF and studying pearl CT scan images of a pearl.\u003cbr/\u003e12. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Michael Krzemnicki, mineralogist and Director of SSEF\u003cbr/\u003e\"We have plenty of instruments which help us to conclude. It is always when it gets to a result it's always a combination of many observations and of many analytical data. So it starts with radiography, there is chemical data which we get, we have reactions on the UV light, reactions on the x-rays. We have also instruments like tomography where we see very precise internal structures in three dimensions.\"\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eSwitzerland, Zurich 28 April 2014\u003cbr/\u003e13. Wide of  of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich\u003cbr/\u003e14.Various of Dr Joana Meyer, Researcher for the Department of Environmental System Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ) drilling a pearl to take a sample \u003cbr/\u003e15. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Joana Meyer, Researcher for the Department of Environmental System Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ)\u003cbr/\u003e\"So in this laboratory we were able for the first time to extract DNA from a pearl. What we do is within the drill hole in the existing drill hole of the pearl we will enlarge the inner part and we will get out from there a fine powder of pearl from which we extract the DNA. In the case the pearl has no drill hole, then we will go and drill where we know that there is more organic material.\" \u003cbr/\u003e16. Various of Dr Joana Meyer preparing the pearl powder in solution for DNA extraction.\u003cbr/\u003e17 . Various of solution containing pearl extract being centrifuged.\u003cbr/\u003e18. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Joana Meyer, Researcher for the Department of Environmental System Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ)\u003cbr/\u003e: \"From this pearl powder we will extract the DNA. The first thing we do is dissolve it in order to release the DNA in solution. When we have got the DNA we then want to read it, because when we can read it it tells us a lot of information. Like for example which pearl oyster it come from, which species, if its an oyster from the Arabian Gulf, or from Australia or from China and so on.\"\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eSwitzerland, Basel - 29 April 2014\u003cbr/\u003e19. Various of scientists reviewing CAT scan images.\u003cbr/\u003e20. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Michael Krzemnicki, mineralogist and Director of SSEF: \u003cbr/\u003e\"When we look at the pearl markets we have a big production of cultured pearls which in fact has also brought down the prices. So we have especially from China huge amounts of freshwater cultured pearls and they are very cheap generally. So we talk about 100 dollars maybe a few hundred dollars or even less. And we have on the other side very much a niche market of natural pearls very often also historical items where there were no cultured pearls at that time and these pearls have gone up in price tremendously over the last few years. There is like a boom in this market I have to say.\"\u003cbr/\u003e21. Various of scientist examining a natural pearl necklace.\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television News\u003cbr/\u003eShanxiahu suburbs, Zhejiang province, China  - November 17, 2011\u003cbr/\u003e22. Pan from right to left of wide shot of water pond\u003cbr/\u003e23. Wide shot of water pond\u003cbr/\u003e24. Mid shot of He Xiaodong, vice manager of Sier Jewellery, and pull out to paddle \u003cbr/\u003e25. Mid shot of Mr. He and tilt down to mussel net on the boat\u003cbr/\u003e26. Detail shot of knife opening mussel\u003cbr/\u003e27. Detail shot of mussel and pearls inside UPSOUND (Mandarin) \"There are pearls inside, very big pearls\"\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television News\u003cbr/\u003eShanghai, China - November 30, 2011\u003cbr/\u003e28. Detail shot of dark Tahitian cultured pearl necklace with a 10,000,000 yuan price tag (USD $1.6 million).\u003cbr/\u003e29. Mid shot of shop assistant tiding up pearl necklaces.\u003cbr/\u003e30. Detail shot of pearl necklaces\u003cbr/\u003e31. Wide shot of shop staff taking out pearl chokers from boxes\u003cbr/\u003e32. 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