{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='The race to save the world\u0026#39;s wheat crops from the disease, stem rust' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c1e7d8eafeecae155a68' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c1e7d8eafeecae155a68' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nThe race to save the world\u0026#39;s wheat crops from the disease, stem rust\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eAP Television Njoro, Rift Valley Province, Kenya, 21st October, 2010 1. Various shots of wheat fields affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease.2. Various establishing shots of Robert Oleloitik, a wheat farmer affected by Ug 99 stem rust...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eNjoro, Rift Valley Province, Kenya, 21st October, 2010 \u003cbr/\u003e1. Various shots of wheat fields affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease.\u003cbr/\u003e2. Various establishing shots of Robert Oleloitik, a wheat farmer affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease.\u003cbr/\u003e3. SOUNDBITE: (English) Robert Oleloitik, a wheat farmer affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease:\u003cbr/\u003e\"We have problems of this stem rust and they are affecting our crops and we want the government to assist us to do some more research or to help us with a new variety or herbicides which are going to finish this stem rust in our crop, because we are suffering.\"\u003cbr/\u003e4. Various shots of wheat fields affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eTexcoco, Mexico, 14th October 2010 \u003cbr/\u003e5. Wide exterior CIMMYT (research centre) sign \u003cbr/\u003e6. Wheat physiologist Matthew Reynolds walking towards camera in office hall\u003cbr/\u003e7. Wheat physiologist Matthew Reynolds sitting down at computer  \u003cbr/\u003e8. SOUNDBITE (English) Wheat physiologist Matthew Reynolds: \u003cbr/\u003e\"It's a very serious threat to the world's wheat crop, and the reason is that most, if not all of the world's wheat cultivars are vulnerable, genetically susceptible to this new disease or this new race. Unless we systematically replace the cultivars then we run the risk that this disease will spread continually as it has done already.\"\u003cbr/\u003e9. Medium door of refrigerated wheat seeds bank opening \u003cbr/\u003e10. Wide CIMMYT spokesperson Mike Listman walking towards refrigerated wheat seed bank  \u003cbr/\u003e11. Medium CIMMYT spokesperson Mike Listman taking seed container from refrigerated wheat seed bank \u003cbr/\u003e12. Close hands holding seeds \u003cbr/\u003e13. SOUNDBITE (English) CIMMYT spokesperson Mike Listman: \u003cbr/\u003e\"I think hunt is an excellent word, because it's like an arms race where breeders are trying to develop varieties that are resistant to diseases, and constantly the diseases, which actually evolve more quickly, develop virulence against the varieties, so it's a constant battle. A gene bank like this with seed collections of about 150,000 unique collections are an excellent source of resistance genes for many types of diseases, for yields and others traits that are important.\" \u003cbr/\u003e14. Close seed containers \u003cbr/\u003e15. Wide technicians at sorting table at CIMMYT sorting wheat seeds \u003cbr/\u003e16. Medium hands sorting seeds \u003cbr/\u003e17. Close envelopes with seeds \u003cbr/\u003e18. Close hands sorting seeds  \u003cbr/\u003e19. Medium face technician sorting seed  \u003cbr/\u003e20. Close fingers sorting seeds \u003cbr/\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eNjoro, Rift Valley Province, Kenya, 22nd October, 2010 \u003cbr/\u003e21. Wide of wheat research nursery.\u003cbr/\u003e22. Establishing shot of Sridhar Bhavani, a wheat rust pathologist at a wheat field affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease\u003cbr/\u003e23. SOUNDBITE: (English) Sridhar Bhavani, Wheat Rust Pathologist: \u003cbr/\u003e\"And what we try to do is to identify plants that are resistant against Ug99.\"\u003cbr/\u003e24. Close person holding wheat affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease.\u003cbr/\u003e25. Close Sridhar Bhavani inspecting wheat tilt up\u003cbr/\u003e26. Close of affected wheat UPSOUND: (English), Sridhar Bhavani, Wheat Rust Pathologist.\u003cbr/\u003e\"As you can see this reddish brown pustules appear on the stem, erupting the stem cell face. So actual losses happen when these pustules actually stop the translocation of water and nutrients from the soil to the head, at the same time photosynthesis or translocation of nutrients and resources back into the stem. So under severe infestation what happens is this whole thing is infected by stem rust and at the point of infection they are actually large and sort of break down.\"\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eTexcoco, Mexico, 14th October 2010 \u003cbr/\u003e27. Medium ears of wheat\u003cbr/\u003e28. Medium wheat pathologist Etienne Duveiller analysing wheat seeds on field \u003cbr/\u003e29. SOUNDBITE (English) wheat pathologist Etienne Duveiller: \u003cbr/\u003e\"There was a decline in investment in agriculture in recent decades. Perhaps it was due to the success of agriculture to some extent that people have started to say, well maybe we need to go for other priorities, climate change, ecology problems, but let's not forget that food doesn't come from supermarkets.\"  \u003cbr/\u003e30. Wide wheat fields \u003cbr/\u003e31. Wide farmer Jose Emiglio Taboada walking in the field \u003cbr/\u003e32. Close ear of wheat on field\u003cbr/\u003e33. Medium farmer Jose Emiglio Taboada in the field analysing ears of wheat \u003cbr/\u003e34. Close Taboada's hand holding ear of wheat \u003cbr/\u003e35. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) farmer Jose Emiglio Taboada: \u003cbr/\u003e\"This is making all the researchers and producers team up to confront it with new more resistant varieties of this type of disease. Research should be done faster, they cannot take too long to come up with different types of wheat which can handle this problem.\" \u003cbr/\u003eAP Television \u003cbr/\u003eNjoro, Rift Valley Province, 22nd October, 2010 \u003cbr/\u003e36. Various shots of wheat fields affected by Ug 99 stem rust disease.\u003cbr/\u003eScientists are urgently trying to find a way to fight a disease threatening one of the world's vital food crops. \u003cbr/\u003eStem rust is a fungus that is attacking wheat crops globally. \u003cbr/\u003eIt was first confirmed in Uganda in 1999.    \u003cbr/\u003eSince 1999 the spores of the Ug99 stem rust have spread rapidly through wheat fields in northeast Africa and into the Middle East. \u003cbr/\u003eThe blight has reached Iran and threatens the agricultural breadbaskets of Pakistan and India.\u003cbr/\u003eNjoro, an agricultural town Kenya in the Rift Valley Province in Kenya is at the epicentre of the Ug99 stem rust zone. \u003cbr/\u003e\"We have problems of this stem rust and they are affecting our crops and we want the government to assist us to do some more research or to help us with a new variety or herbicides which are going to finish this stem rust in our crop, because we are suffering,\" says farmer Robert Oleloitik.  \u003cbr/\u003eThe world's wheat scientists thought they had defeated stem rust long ago. \u003cbr/\u003eIn the 1950s, the renowned Nobel Prize-winning American agronomist Norman Borlaug and his colleagues developed wheat varieties whose genetic makeup gave them resistance to the fungus. \u003cbr/\u003eBut now it is back. The mutating fungus has overcome the old defences. \u003cbr/\u003eAt the International Corn and Wheat Improvement Centre outside Mexico City wheat physiologist Matthew Reynolds says Ug99 devastates crops where it spreads unchecked \u003cbr/\u003e\"It's a very serious threat to the world's wheat crop, and the reason is that most, if not all of the world's wheat we cultivate is vulnerable, genetically susceptible to this new disease or this new race. Unless we systematically replace the crops then we run the risk that this disease will spread continually as it has done already.\"   \u003cbr/\u003eCrop researchers worldwide have embarked on an immense effort of trial and error, cross-breeding wheat's thousands of varieties in hopes of finding new combinations of genes that will endow wheat with a new resistance.   \u003cbr/\u003eMuch of it begins at the Mexico-based centre's refrigerated, earthquake-proof seed bank, repository for collections of almost 150,000 unique seed types for wheat and its close relatives. \u003cbr/\u003eCentre spokesman Mike Listman describes its key role:\u003cbr/\u003e\"I think hunt is an excellent word, because it's like an arms race where breeders are trying to develop varieties that are resistant to diseases, and constantly the diseases, which actually reproduce much more quickly and evolve more quickly, develop virulence against the varieties, so it's a constant battle. A gene bank like this with seed collections of about 150,000 unique collections are an excellent source of resistance genes for many types of diseases, for yields and others traits that are important.\" \u003cbr/\u003eSeeds of ancient types contribute to new varieties developed in Mexico and sent out for testing worldwide, including to a research station in Njoro.\u003cbr/\u003eThere the experimental wheat faces the fungus, and either dies or resists.  Nine seed types show promise and are being planted and multiplied in countries on the front line facing the Ug99 threat. \u003cbr/\u003e\"What we try to do is to identify plants that are resistant against Ug99,\" says wheat rust pathologist, Sridhar Bhavani.  \u003cbr/\u003e\"As you can see this reddish brown pustules appear on the stem, erupting the stem cell face. So actual losses happen when these pustules actually stop the translocation of water and nutrients from the soil to the head, at the same time photosynthesis or translocation of nutrients and resources back into the stem. So under severe infestation what happens is this whole thing is infected by stem rust and at the point of infection they are actually large and sort of break down,\" he explains. \u003cbr/\u003eDuveiller stresses that it's vital defence genes are found and bred into thousands of varieties of commercial wheat grown worldwide. \u003cbr/\u003eIt may take five to 10 years, and he says the world must invest more in this research. \u003cbr/\u003e\"There was a decline in investment in agriculture in recent decades. Perhaps it was due to the success of agriculture to some extent that people have started to say, well maybe we need to go for other priorities, climate change, ecology problems, but let's not forget that food doesn't come from supermarkets.\"    \u003cbr/\u003eThe fear remains that the mutating fungus will outrun the research. \u003cbr/\u003eThe spores of Ug99 stem rust could ride the winds of jet streams worldwide, or arrive in Russia, or the United States or Mexico itself on the shoes or clothing of jetliner passengers.  \u003cbr/\u003eIn the highlands of central Mexico, wheat farmer Jose Emiglio Taboada is well aware of the threat. \u003cbr/\u003e\"This is making all the researchers and producers team up to confront it with new more resistant varieties of this type of disease. Research should be done faster, they cannot take too long to come up with different types of wheat which can handle this problem.\"    \u003cbr/\u003eTaboada and millions of wheat farmers worldwide can only wait and watch to see how this race against time turns out  as scientists marshal resources to combat perhaps the most serious threat to world food supplies in decades.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' class='rp-info-section'\u003e\n\u003ch2 class='title' id='resource-details-heading'\u003eResource 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