{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Eco-barriers to protect Rio\u0026#39;s urban forests' data-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c2d4d8eafeecae15cac9' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5c54c2d4d8eafeecae15cac9' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nEco-barriers to protect Rio\u0026#39;s urban forests\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30356011\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30356011\"\u003eCurated Video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eRio de Janeiro, Brazil, 18 May 20091. Aerial showing urban Tijuca forest in Rio2. Pan from forest and mountain to wall construction3. Workers building wall4. Tilt up from wall to forest and city in background5. Pan of shantytown to...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eRio de Janeiro, Brazil, 18 May 2009\u003cbr/\u003e1. Aerial showing urban Tijuca forest in Rio\u003cbr/\u003e2. Pan from forest and mountain to wall construction\u003cbr/\u003e3. Workers building wall\u003cbr/\u003e4. Tilt up from wall to forest and city in background\u003cbr/\u003e5. Pan of shantytown to forest\u003cbr/\u003e6. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese) Icaro Moreno Junior, president of Municipal works company:\u003cbr/\u003e\"Really, the ecosystem, the biomes, the Atlantic rainforest are suffering greatly due to the horizontal growth of the slums in Rio de Janeiro.\"\u003cbr/\u003eRio de Janeiro, 20 May, 2009\u003cbr/\u003e7. Monkey climbing tree \u003cbr/\u003e8. Small snake on leaf \u003cbr/\u003e9. Brazilian squirrel on tree\u003cbr/\u003e10. Tilt down from large Jequitiba tree\u003cbr/\u003e11. People entering hole in tree, tilt up\u003cbr/\u003e12. Group surrounding large Jequitiba tree\u003cbr/\u003eRio de Janeiro, 4 June 2009\u003cbr/\u003e13. Pan mountain to group of university students and two professors\u003cbr/\u003e14. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese) Rogerio de Oliveira, Geography professor at PUC university (Pontificia Universidade Catolica):\u003cbr/\u003e\"These are two of the largest forest ranges in Rio de Janeiro municipality. Over there the ijuca forest and here, almost connected, is the Pedra Branca range. Both together are about twenty thousand hectares in size, considered one of the largest urban forests in the world\".\u003cbr/\u003e15. Professor Oliveira and group looking at ruins in the forest\u003cbr/\u003e16. Various Professor Oliveira climbing a tree\u003cbr/\u003e17. Professor Oliveira gets dried plants from collection, puts them on the table\u003cbr/\u003e18. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese) Rogerio de Oliveira, Geography professor at PUC university (Pontificia Universidade Cat�lica):\u003cbr/\u003e\"We have an approximate idea about what exists around here, but the potential for more diversity, especially of trees, is still pretty broad. We are continuously finding things we didn't expect. Occasionally new species of trees are found here in Rio de Janeiro, so we should never underestimate the diversity here, it is always larger than expected.\"\u003cbr/\u003e19. Professor Rita Martins Montezuma and students in the forest\u003cbr/\u003e20. Student collecting dry leaves\u003cbr/\u003e21. Rita Martins Montezuma, Geography professor at PUC university in Rio, collecting dry leaves, UPSOUND (Portuguese): \"...(whether what's happening to the forest) is a renovation or whether it's dying. In this case we have more stems than leaves. If this process is reversed, that's a signal that something is happening to the forest that is altering it\". \u003cbr/\u003e22. Students at lab classifying collected forest materials.\u003cbr/\u003e23. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese), Rita Martins Montezuma, Geography professor at PUC university in Rio (Pontificia Universidade Catolica):\u003cbr/\u003e\"In our landscape we have the sea and the mountains side by side. Due to this exceptional situation it deserves to be well preserved and well treated\".\u003cbr/\u003e24. Professor Rita Montezuma pointing at new development into the forest\u003cbr/\u003e25. Landsat satellite image of Rio de Janeiro showing forested mountain ranges in green, city in pink, sea in blue\u003cbr/\u003eAP Television\u003cbr/\u003eRio de Janeiro, 3 June 2009\u003cbr/\u003e26. Various students looking at satellite images on monitors in processing lab at PUC university\u003cbr/\u003e27. Researcher pointing at images\u003cbr/\u003e28. Image changes colour to red revealing houses in the forest\u003cbr/\u003e29. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese), Daniele Cintra, Researcher:\u003cbr/\u003e\"You can see exactly where invasions are taking place, whether it is a formal or informal area, if there is deforestation for grazing or agriculture and you can see the general context of the scene, not just one specific point.\"\u003cbr/\u003e30. Satellite image: yellow line indicates 100 meter level which represents the limit of preserved areas\u003cbr/\u003e31. Zoom in to houses in the forest\u003cbr/\u003eDeforestation is increasing in Brazil's urban forests, so now the city of Rio de Janeiro is taking steps to protect them.\u003cbr/\u003eA line of eco-barriers is being built, and satellite monitoring is underway, in the hope of preserving these diverse areas.\u003cbr/\u003eThe city of Rio de Janeiro houses two of the world's largest urban forests, Tijuca and Pedra Branca.\u003cbr/\u003eTogether they occupy about 165 square kilometers. \u003cbr/\u003eSince both lie more than a 100 meters above sea level, they are legally protected as state parks.\u003cbr/\u003eBut the city is growing, and threatening the natural surroundings.\u003cbr/\u003eIcaro Moreno Junior, the president of Municipal works company, says the Atlantic rainforest is \"suffering greatly due to the horizontal growth of the slums in Rio de Janeiro.\"\u003cbr/\u003eA recent study produced by the SOS Mata Atlantica Foundation, revealed that deforestation doubled in Rio's metropolitan area. \u003cbr/\u003eWhile 94 hectares were deforested between 2000 and 2005, deforestation for the last 3 years amounted to 205 hectares in Rio's metropolitan area. \u003cbr/\u003eEven though most of the deforestation took place in the suburban areas just outside Rio, the local government is concerned that poor estates and middle class housing are advancing into the loosely defined boundaries of these state parks. \u003cbr/\u003eRogerio de Oliveira, a professor of geography at PUC university, is concerned since it threatens these forests of \"about twenty thousand hectares in size, considered one of the largest urban forests in the world\".\u003cbr/\u003eIn May, the State Government started building 3 meter high walls on one side of the Santa Marta slum in Botafogo neighbourhood. \u003cbr/\u003eThe original $10 million project was meant for building a 15 kilometres stretch of wall, separating 14 slums from the surrounding forest. \u003cbr/\u003eDue to protests from some community leaders, the walls may now be replaced by limited nature walks in some communities, but kept in areas at risk of landslides.\u003cbr/\u003eRio's forests were devastated in the 18th century by a predatory system of coffee and banana plantations and for the production of charcoal. \u003cbr/\u003eMany of the natural fountains that provided running water to the city dried out. \u003cbr/\u003eIn 1861 Emperor Pedro II decided to replant Tijuca forest. \u003cbr/\u003e100 thousand trees were planted in 13 years. \u003cbr/\u003eLater Pedra Branca forest, further West, was devastated for charcoal to supply cooking stoves. \u003cbr/\u003eToday Rio's forests are slowly recovering. \u003cbr/\u003eSome areas even managed to keep the original vegetation. \u003cbr/\u003eIn Tijuca forest, a rare ancient Jequitiba tree is surrounded by largely untouched primary vegetation. \u003cbr/\u003eThe tree is believed to be over one thousand years old. \u003cbr/\u003eA group of graduate students from PUC university hugs the unexpected marvel. \u003cbr/\u003eFew people in Rio know of its existence.\u003cbr/\u003eAlthough jaguars, pumas and tapirs no longer inhabit these forests, many smaller mammals have been reintroduced and manage to survive despite the presence of hunters. \u003cbr/\u003eCapuchin monkeys can be easily spotted by visitors along some of the forest roads. \u003cbr/\u003eCoatis, racoons, porcupines, squirrels, hares, agoutis, sloths and opossums can still be found here, as well as numerous reptile, bird and insect species. \u003cbr/\u003eProfessors Rogerio de Oliveira and Rita Montezuma from the Geography Department at Pontificia Universidade Catolica make periodic incursions with groups of students at the Pedra Branca forest. \u003cbr/\u003eThe flat plains between the two mountain ranges are fast being occupied by the city's westward expansion. \u003cbr/\u003eOn any given day, professor Oliveira and his students can be found here researching hidden ruins that tell the history of these forests, once occupied by runaway slaves and later by charcoal and banana producers. \u003cbr/\u003eOliveira is also an experienced tree climber who collects plant specimens for the university's botanical collection. \u003cbr/\u003eHe believes that the biodiversity here should not be underestimated.\u003cbr/\u003eHe explains that they are \"continuously finding things we didn't expect. Occasionally new species of trees are found here in Rio de Janeiro, so we should never underestimate the diversity here, it is always larger than expected.\"\u003cbr/\u003eProfessor Montezuma's interest lays in the evaluation of the growth of these once devastated forests. \u003cbr/\u003eIn the Camorin River valley, Montezuma and students have set up a network of leaf collectors which are emptied twice a month. \u003cbr/\u003eThe contents are later dried and analysed at the university's lab. \u003cbr/\u003eThis is part of a long term study on the rate of biomass regrowth in this urban forest.\u003cbr/\u003eProfessors Oliveira and Montezuma would like to see these forests back to their original state.\u003cbr/\u003eShe says \"we have the sea and the mountains side by side. Due to this exceptional situation it deserves to be well preserved and well treated\".\u003cbr/\u003eRio's landscape is after all one of the city's greatest assets. \u003cbr/\u003eNot only slums, but also wealthy developments are moving into the forest, whether legally or not. \u003cbr/\u003eA Landsat satellite image shows clearly the location of both forest-covered mountain ranges. \u003cbr/\u003eAt the Geo Processing Lab at PUC University, researchers are developing a system that will monitor the situation of the city's forests from space. \u003cbr/\u003eUsing high definition satellite images, the new system named Pimar (Integrated Program for Remote Monitoring of Forest Fragments and Urban Growth) will be able to detect new building activities in the forest. \u003cbr/\u003eThe satellite image can be enhanced to reveal hidden houses. \u003cbr/\u003eDaniele Cintra points to the yellow 100 meter above sea level line that limits the preserved areas. \u003cbr/\u003eShe says \"you can see exactly where invasions are taking place, whether it is a formal or informal area, if there is deforestation for grazing or agriculture and you can see the general context of the scene, not just one specific point.\"\u003cbr/\u003eOnce the system is fully established in a year's time, the local authorities will be able to detect problem areas and act swiftly to avoid new illegal urban development. \u003cbr/\u003eIf these measures work, the city of Rio will be able to maintain its two rainforests for future generations.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv 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