{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='When \u0026#39;gh\u0026#39; says \u0026#39;f\u0026#39;: Endnotes Spelling Bee' data-url='/boclips/videos/5d8532d751b77a37e06fe927' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5d8532d751b77a37e06fe927' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nWhen \u0026#39;gh\u0026#39; says \u0026#39;f\u0026#39;: Endnotes Spelling Bee\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30355032\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30355032\"\u003eAlliterative\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eFollowing up on the comments on our Spelling video, we explain the phonetics that led some words spelled with a 'gh' to end up making the sound 'f'. #spelling #language #historyofenglish Thank you to all our Patreon supporters! Please...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eFollowing up on the comments on our Spelling video, we explain the phonetics that led some words spelled with a 'gh' to end up making the sound 'f'. #spelling #language #historyofenglish Thank you to all our Patreon supporters! Please check out our \u003ca href='https://www.patreon.com/TheEndlessKnot' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePatreon\u003c/a\u003e Show notes \u0026 \u003ca href='http://www.alliterative.net/spelling' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ecredits\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='http://www.alliterative.net/podcast' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePodcast\u003c/a\u003e Transcript: As I discussed in the original Spelling video, words spelled with a gh generally correspond to Old English words that had a kind of guttural sound in them, often spelled in Old English with an h or sometimes a g. After the Old English period, the new Norman French scribes decided that using h that way was confusing \u0026 so adopted the use of the gh letter combination to spell this very Germanic sound that didn’t exist in French. But over the course of the Middle English period, that guttural sound began to disappear from the English language, so that’s why we have a bunch of words in Modern English, like through \u0026 though, in which the gh is silent. Some words that didn’t originally have that guttural sound, like delight \u0026 sprightly, began to be spelled as if they did by way of analogy, so delight as if it were related to light. \u0026 in some cases that can be useful for distinguishing homonyms such as sleigh \u0026 slay. \u0026 there a few borrowed words like spaghetti \u0026 ghoul in which gh represents another foreign sound. But what about words like laugh, rough, \u0026 cough in which the gh is pronounced f like an F-sound? Well it turns out that there is a kind of connection between consonant sounds produced at the back of the mouth \u0026 ones produced with the lips. We already saw that a bit with words like Old English boga becoming Modern English bow. It’s actually a fairly common sound shift that happens in many languages, such as Latin aqua meaning “water” becoming Romanian apa, with the k sound in aqua made at the back of the mouth shifting forward in the mouth to the lips in apa. Similar shifts can be found in other languages such as Irish, Albanian, Russian, \u0026 so forth. Well, what happened in the case of words such as laugh \u0026 rough is another example of this sound change called labial velar shift. Let me unpack that. Labial means with the lips, so labial sounds include sounds like p spelled p in English. That’s a bilabial stop, that is it’s made by stopping the air flowing from your mouth by putting both lips together. Another labial sound we have is f usually spelled f in English. It’s a labiodental fricative, made by putting your top teeth against your bottom lip \u0026 only partially closing off the passage of air, thus causing friction. As for velar sounds, they’re made at the velum or soft palate, that soft part of the roof of your mouth towards the back. So originally words like laugh \u0026 rough, pronounced in Old English as hlahhan \u0026 ruh had a velar sound, specifically a velar fricative made by partially blocking the air by placing the tongue close to the soft palate. So the sound shift here is from one fricative to another, just moved forward in the mouth. But why did the fricative move all the way forward in the mouth to the lips instead of somewhere closer like further forward on the tongue? Well there’s good acoustic reasons why a velar fricative would become a labiodental fricative. The friction in both those sounds is well below four thousand cycles per second, whereas for instance the s S-sound, also a fricative, is produced at four thousand cycles per second \u0026 above. So velar fricatives \u0026 labiodental fricatives sound more similar. Acoustic similarity accounts for other shifts in fricatives too, such as the θ TH-sound in words such as three or through, a dental fricative produced with the tongue \u0026 teeth, becoming the labiodental fricative in some dialects of English \u0026 being pronounced as fri: \u0026 fru:, which is viewer Unknown Ceilings’s preferred pronunciation (somewhere around London I’m guessing?). Now in some cases, words that underwent this shift became respelled to more accurately represent the sounds, as in the word dwarf, which was dweorg in Old English, \u0026 in the case of the word draughtdraft you see both spellings, but for the most part the gh spellings reflecting that older pronunciation became standardized \u0026 so we’re stuck with them. The thing is, the changes in pronunciation didn’t happen at the same time in all parts of England nor in the same way, \u0026 what we inherited in Modern English is a bit of a mixed bag. So the shift to the f sound was particular to northern dialects, \u0026 so we see some Middle English spellings with the letter f in words not pronounced f in Modern English, such as þof for though \u0026 þurf for through. \u0026 in at least one case, the northern variant persisted, eventually becoming a separate word. 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