{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-c03aa079.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-517835be.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='What Is the RNA World Hypothesis?' data-url='/boclips/videos/5d8cfe70096ca853ce6caf34' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5d8cfe70096ca853ce6caf34' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nWhat Is the RNA World Hypothesis?\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30359599\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30359599\"\u003eStated Clearly\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eClick this link to take a survey about the video All living creatures today reproduce and evolve using a complex gene-enzyme cycle. If we look at a cell, for example, information encoded in its genes is used to produce functional...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eClick this link to take a survey about the \u003ca href='https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/VS8SNBH' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003evideo\u003c/a\u003e All living creatures today reproduce and evolve using a complex gene-enzyme cycle. If we look at a cell, for example, information encoded in its genes is used to produce functional proteins called enzymes. Some of those enzymes then turn around to make copies of the cell's genes, allowing the cell to reproduce. Because the gene-enzyme system forms a closed loop, it presents us with a classic chicken or egg conundrum: Which came first, genes or the protein enzymes they code for? While the details are still not fully worked out, discoveries over the past few decades have lead researchers to a surprising possible solution: What really came first? Genes that act as enzymes! The RNA World Hypothesis is the idea that before living cells, the genetic code, and the gene/protein cycle ever existed, chains of a chemical called RNA were forming naturally. Once formed, some of these chains were able to function as enzymes, and were even able to evolve by making copies of themselves with slight, accidental modifications. While there is little doubt that RNA played a crucial role in the early development of life, the complexity of RNA is casting doubt on the idea that RNA was the first truly replicating and evolving chemical system. For this reason, alternatives to the “RNA first” view are also being investigated. Most notable is a proto-RNA hypothesis being studied by the lab of Nicholas Hud, and several metabolism first hypotheses which got their start from the work of Robert Shapiro. At this time, all serious investigations into the origin of life are being done under the overarching idea that life emerged from chemistry. SOURCES AND FURTHER READING RIBOZYMES The first RNA enzymes were discovered in 1982, now known as ribozymes. Here’s is a wonderful review of what we now know about ribozymes (well... as of 2002): Scientific \u003ca href='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770912/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePaper\u003c/a\u003e Diverse and highly functional ribozymes can be evolved in the lab. Selection experiments have shown there are many pathways that evolution can take to produce a ribozyme with a given function. This means the evolution of function is much simpler than previously thought! Scientific \u003ca href='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902939/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePaper\u003c/a\u003e Nucleotide building ribozymes have been evolved in the lab from random starting chains (this is the experiment discussed in our animation): Scientific \u003ca href='http://www.sfu.ca/~punrau/pdfs/Lau_JACS_2004.pdf' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePaper\u003c/a\u003e INITIAL RNA NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS RNA nucleotides have been shown to form without enzymes under conditions that might have been plausible on the early Earth. That said, the reactions we’ve discovered so far do not appear robust enough to claim that the problem is fully solved: Scientific \u003ca href='http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/abs/nature08013.html' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePaper\u003c/a\u003e Nature News overview of the discovery with objections \u003ca href='http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090513/full/news.2009.471.html' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ediscussed\u003c/a\u003e RNA REPLICATION BEFORE EVOLUTION OF ENZYMES 8 problems with RNA replication and likely solutions to them (note: number 8 now has two independent solutions demonstrated in the lab): Scientific \u003ca href='https://jsystchem.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/1759-2208-3-2' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePaper\u003c/a\u003e ALTERNATIVES TO THE RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS Here is an article reviewing the metabolism first hypothesis in contrast to the RNA first view: Blog post by professor Laurance \u003ca href='http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2009/05/metabolism-first-and-origin-of-life.html' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eMoran\u003c/a\u003e Here is an article reviewing research into a possible proto RNA World Hypothesis: Media article by quanta \u003ca href='https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140205-chemists-pursue-possible-precursor-to-rna/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003emagazine\u003c/a\u003e Learn more about evolution and the origin of life \u003ca href='http://statedclearly.com' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eat\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href='http://centerforchemicalevolution.com' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eat\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' class='rp-info-section'\u003e\n\u003ch2 class='title' id='resource-details-heading'\u003eResource Details\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-resource-details clearfix'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='detail'\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt\u003eCurator Rating\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\u003cspan class=\"star-rating\" aria-label=\"4.0 out of 5 stars\" role=\"img\"\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-regular fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003c/dl\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='detail'\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt class=\"educator-rating-title\"\u003eEducator Rating\u003c/dt\u003e\u003cdd\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"educator-rating-details\" data-path=\"/educator_ratings/rrp_data?resourceable_id=54802\u0026amp;resourceable_type=Boclips%3A%3AVideoMetadata\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"not-yet-rated\"\u003eNot yet Rated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003c/dl\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='detail'\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt\u003eGrade\u003c/dt\u003e\u003cdd title=\"Grade\"\u003e3rd - 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