{"page":"\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/resources-572d6a42.css\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://lessonplanet.com/assets/packs/css/lp_boclips_stylesheets-f4d0de30.css\" media=\"all\" /\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-title='Part 2: How Does New Genetic Information Evolve? Gene Duplications' data-url='/boclips/videos/5d8cfe70096ca853ce6caf36' data-video-url='/boclips/videos/5d8cfe70096ca853ce6caf36' id='bo_player_modal'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='boclips-resource-page modal-dialog panel-container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='react-notifications-root'\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-header'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-type'\u003e\n\u003ci aria-hidden='true' class='fai fa-regular fa-circle-play'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\nVideo\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 class='rp-title' id='video-title'\u003e\nPart 2: How Does New Genetic Information Evolve? Gene Duplications\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-actions'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='mr-1'\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"btn btn-success\" data-posthog-event=\"Signup: LP Signup Activity\" data-posthog-location=\"body_link_boclips\" data-remote=\"true\" href=\"/subscription/new\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGet Free Access\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\"\u003e for 10 Days\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-body'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-info'\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-label='Hide resource details' class='rp-hide-info' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Expand resource details' class='rp-expand-info fai fa-solid fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003ci aria-label='Compress resource details' class='rp-compress-info fai fa-solid fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center' role='button' tabindex='0'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-rating'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='resource-pool'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-label'\u003ePublisher:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='pool-name'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='text'\u003e\u003ca data-publisher-id=\"30359599\" href=\"/search?publisher_ids%5B%5D=30359599\"\u003eStated Clearly\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-description'\u003e\n\u003cspan class='short-description'\u003eHelp fund us on Patreon! In our first animation of this series we learned how point mutations can edit genetic information. Here we see how duplication events can dramatically lengthen the genetic code of an individual. As point...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class='full-description hide'\u003eHelp fund us on \u003ca href='https://www.patreon.com/statedclearly' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003ePatreon!\u003c/a\u003e In our first animation of this series we learned how point mutations can edit genetic information. Here we see how duplication events can dramatically lengthen the genetic code of an individual. As point mutations add up in the duplicated region across generations, entirely new genes with new functions can evolve. In the video we see three examples of gene duplications resulting in new traits for the creatures who inherit them: the evolution of a venom gene in snakes, the evolution of leaf digestion genes in monkeys, and the evolution of burrowing legs in hunting dogs. Learn more on our website \u003ca href='http://statedclearly.com/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eat\u003c/a\u003e SCIENCE ADVISORS: Jianzhi \"George\" Zhang, PhD Joanna Masel, PhD Kini R Manjunatha, PhD Nicholas Casewell, PhD SPONSOR: This video was sponsored in part by Gene-Tools LLC, a company producing molecules used to study cancer and gene function. If your lab studies genetics, cancer, or developmental biology, make sure to check them out \u003ca href='http://www.gene-tools.com/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eat\u003c/a\u003e NOTES: ====================== How do new genes evolve? ====================== Read about the many different ways in which entirely new genes come into \u003ca href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/origins-of-new-genes-and-pseudogenes-835' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eexistence\u003c/a\u003e ================================ Observed gene duplications In Bacteria ================================ Here, gene duplication was directly observed from generation to generation. After duplication, a new function was seen to \u003ca href='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392837/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eevolve.\u003c/a\u003e ====================================== Observed or inferred gene duplications In mice ====================================== Here, genetically identical mice were allowed to breed for several generations and then gene number variations were compared in the final \u003ca href='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920193/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003epopulations.\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0012839' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Here, gene number variations were compared among populations of wild \u003ca href='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4042557/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003emice.\u003c/a\u003e =========================== Factor X Snake venom evolution =========================== Factor X is what it’s called in the blood. Trocarin D is what it’s called in the venom \u003ca href='http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02266.x/abstract' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003egland.\u003c/a\u003e ========================== Snake venom is modified saliva ========================== The venom gland is derived from what are called “Dental Glands” which are found in reptiles and produce oral secretions like our saliva glands. In particular, the venom gland appears to be homologous to the Duvernoy's gland in non-venomous snakes. Little research has been done on the function of Duvernoy’s glands in non-venomous snakes but in most species, its secretions appear to be used as lubrication to aid in swallowing. Enzymes are also produced that may aid in killing, paralyzing, and digesting prey but these functions appear to be limited in their power and are only found in certain \u003ca href='http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/ZJLS.pdf' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003especies.\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href='http://www.public.wsu.edu/~kkardong/Web%20of%20KVK_06b/Publications/Evolution_venom_app82.pdf' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003e\u003c/a\u003e ============================ How do blood clots form? ============================ Read an overview of how the blood clotting cascade functions and may have \u003ca href='http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/evol/DI/clot/Clotting.html' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eevolved\u003c/a\u003e Watch a cool 3D animation showing how Factor X interacts with other molecules and structures in the blood to form \u003ca href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy3a__OOa2M' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'\u003eclots!\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='action-container flex justify-between'\u003e\n\u003cbutton aria-expanded='false' aria-label='Read more description' class='rp-full-description' type='button'\u003e\n\u003ci class='fai fa-solid fa-align-left'\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cspan id='read_more'\u003eRead More\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-report'\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby='resource-details-heading' class='rp-info-section'\u003e\n\u003ch2 class='title' id='resource-details-heading'\u003eResource Details\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='rp-resource-details clearfix'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='detail'\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt\u003eCurator Rating\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\u003cspan class=\"star-rating\" aria-label=\"4.0 out of 5 stars\" role=\"img\"\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-solid fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci class=\"fa-regular fa-star text-action\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003c/dl\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='detail'\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt class=\"educator-rating-title\"\u003eEducator Rating\u003c/dt\u003e\u003cdd\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"educator-rating-details\" data-path=\"/educator_ratings/rrp_data?resourceable_id=54805\u0026amp;resourceable_type=Boclips%3A%3AVideoMetadata\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"not-yet-rated\"\u003eNot yet Rated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003c/dl\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='detail'\u003e\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\u003cdt\u003eGrade\u003c/dt\u003e\u003cdd title=\"Grade\"\u003e3rd - 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