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Mesomeric Effect (+M): How Phenol Releases Electrons
The +M effect refers to electron donation through resonance, as seen in phenol where the hydroxyl group donates electrons into the benzene ring. This increases electron density in the ring and impacts reactivity and acidity
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Resonance in Action: Bond Length, Acidity & More!
Resonance has far-reaching effects on molecular properties. It can equalize bond lengths, making double bonds longer and single bonds shorter than expected. It also stabilizes charged species, influencing acidity and basicity. For...
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Pi-n Conjugation: Unlocking the Secrets of Molecular Stability
Pi-n conjugation occurs when a lone pair of electrons (n) interacts with a pi system, enhancing electron delocalization. This conjugation stabilizes the molecule, as the lone pair contributes to the overall resonance. Pi-n conjugation...
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Inductive Effect and Dipole Moment: Molecular Attraction Revealed
The inductive effect can also influence a molecule’s dipole moment, which measures the separation of charges within a molecule. Electron-withdrawing groups create a stronger dipole by pulling electron density away from less...
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Acid Strength and the Inductive Effect: What’s the Connection?
The strength of an acid is often influenced by the inductive effect. Electron-withdrawing groups attached to an acid molecule can stabilize the negative charge on the conjugate base, increasing acid strength. Conversely,...
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Electron Push and Pull: Inductive Effects Explained
The inductive effect is all about how atoms in a molecule affect electron distribution. Electron-withdrawing groups, like halogens, pull electrons through sigma bonds, reducing electron density in adjacent atoms. Conversely,...
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Bond Fission Explained: Homolytic vs. Heterolytic Splits
Bond fission, the process of breaking chemical bonds, can occur in two ways: homolytic and heterolytic. In homolytic fission, the bond breaks evenly, with each atom receiving one electron, resulting in the formation of free radicals. In...
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The Periodic Table Song (2019 Update!)
Learn every element of the Periodic Table with The Periodic Table Song by KLT!
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Ensuring Christmas Safety: Lights, Trees, and Dishware
Discover essential safety tips for a hazard-free Christmas. From choosing the right Christmas lights and trees to understanding the risks of various plastics in your kitchen, this segment provides expert advice to keep your holiday...
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Single Replacement Chemical Reactions Explained
Learn all about single replacement chemical reactions. We'll break down the process and give examples to help you understand this important topic. Perfect for studying for your chemistry test or just brushing up on your knowledge.
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Naming Acids Explained
Struggling to name acids? In this video, we break down naming acids into 3 easy steps. Once you understand these steps, naming acids will be easy for you!
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GCSE Chemistry - Conservation of Mass #26
Whether we look at the mass, Mr or number of atoms, the mass is always conserved in chemical reactions. However, it may sometimes appear as if the mass changes if some of our reactants or products are gases. We can fix this problem...
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GCSE Chemistry - Bond Energies #44 (Higher tier)
This video covers: - What bond energies are - That bond breaking is endothermic - That bond formation is exothermic - How to calculate bond energies - Two example calculations This video is suitable for: - Higher tier only - All exam...
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GCSE Chemistry - Differences Between Compounds, Molecules & Mixtures #3
This video covers: 0:21 - What a molecule is 1:11 - What a compound is 3:11 - How to use brackets in a chemical formula 4:48 - What a mixture is This video is suitable for: - All tiers - All exam boards - Triple and combined science
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GCSE Chemistry - Covalent Bonding #16
This video covers how covalent bonding works, how to show it with dot and cross diagrams, and the types of substances that covalent bonds can form.
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GCSE Chemistry - Relative Formula Mass #24
This video covers how to find the 'relative formula mass', which is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms within a molecule or compound. It also covers how to find the the percentage mass of a particular element in a...
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GCSE Chemistry - Halogens and Noble Gases #12
Learn all about the properties and trends of the group 7 (halogens) and group 0 (noble gases) elements. Including why halogens become less reactive as you go down the group, and why noble gases are so unreactive. Suitable for: Combined...
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GCSE Chemistry - Group 1 Alkali Metals #11
What are alkali metals? Why are they so reactive? What are the trends as you go down the group? How do they react with water, oxygen and chlorine? Learn all this and more!
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GCSE Chemistry - What is Ionic Bonding? How Does Ionic Bonding Work? Ionic Bonds Explained #14
Everything you need to know about ionic bonding! Ionic bonds form when one atom transfers electron/s to another atom, so that both atoms forms oppositely charged ions. These ions are then attracted to each other by electrostatic forces...
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GCSE Chemistry - Properties of Simple Molecular Substances & Giant Covalent Structures #17
Covalent bonds are very strong can be used to make a range of substances from the very small 'Simple Molecular Substances' to the large 'Giant Covalent Structures'. Learn how their properties differ and why!
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GCSE Chemistry - Formation of Ions #13
This video covers how atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions, why they bother, and how to tell which ion they'll become. Based on AQA course, but suitable for all exam boards.
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GCSE Chemistry - How to Test for Gases - Testing for Chlorine / Oxygen / Hydrogen / CO2 #64
In this video, you'll learn: - The test for detecting chlorine gas - The test for detecting oxygen gas - The test for detecting hydrogen gas - The test for detecting carbon dioxide gas
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Halogens Song Periodic Table
Learn about the 6 Halogens in group 17 with the Halogens Song Periodic Table by KLT.
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The Ozone Layer
“The Ozone Layer” will explain what the ozone layer is, how it is being damaged, and how global warming and climate change interact with it.