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Introduction to Chemical Bonding
The basic ways elements combine to create compounds, fundamental to life as we know it. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. There are 92 naturally occurring elements. They fall into two categories: metals and non-metals....
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Molecule
Two or more atoms held strongly together by covalent bonds. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films reinforce...
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Rusting Nails
We investigate the conditions needed for rust to form. Four iron nails are placed under different conditions. One is half submerged in water. Another is completely submerged in boiled water. One is half submerged in salt water. The final...
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Dissection: Heart
We dissect and examine a cow\u2019s heart to show the position and function of different parts. This includes the coronary artery, ventricles, atria, pericardium and the thickness of the muscle tissue. Biology - Human Body - Learning...
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Electrolysis of Water
We use electrolysis to break water molecules down into hydrogen and oxygen. This is done using the Hoffman apparatus. Water is added to the apparatus along with some dilute sulfuric acid. When a current is passed through the water,...
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Incandescent Light Bulb
We look at how an incandescent light bulb can be made. First we attach a tungsten wire to electrodes in a flask of air and pass a current through the wire. The wire glows briefly before burning and breaking. Next we fill the flask with...
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Capillary Action
Water is added to dry and bent matchsticks to let us see capillary action at work. The wood absorbs the water causing the matchsticks to straighten. Biology - Plants - Learning Points. Water is a polar molecule because the electrons are...
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Anaerobic Respiration: Observing Yeast's Oxygen-Free Energy Production
We use yeast to let us observe anaerobic respiration. The yeast is added to warm water and glucose. A layer of oil is placed over the solution so that no oxygen is available. The solution starts to bubble and the gas produced passes...
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Dissection: Lungs
We dissect and examine a cow\u2019s lungs. Before the dissection, the lungs are inflated to show the changes in volume that occur when mammals breathe. During the dissection the position and function of different parts are examined,...
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Iron and Luminol
We use potassium ferricyanide and luminol indicator to show how forensic scientists detect blood at crime scenes. The luminol indicator contains luminol, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. When luminol comes into contact with the...
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Mass of Wire Wool
We look at how the mass of wire wool changes when it is burned. Wire wool is almost 99% iron. When we burn it, it combines chemically with oxygen from the air to form iron(III) oxide. The mass of the product is more than the mass of the...
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Burning Bubbles
We investigate the properties of two types of gas bubbles: methane gas bubbles and bubbles of the gas we breathe out. The air-filled bubbles sink and we are unable to set them alight, while the methane bubbles float upwards and are...
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Aerobic Respiration: Observing Oxygen Use in Maggots
We use maggots to let us observe aerobic respiration. The maggots are placed over sodium hydroxide in a specimen tube. A bung and delivery tube are attached to the specimen tube that feed into a boiling tube of coloured water. In the...
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Dry Ice and Magnesium
We use magnesium and blocks of dry ice to show how a redox reaction occurs. A cavity in a block of dry ice is filled with coils of magnesium ribbon, which are set alight. A second block is then placed on top, but instead of this putting...
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Asellus Blood Flow
We use a microscope to examine the blood flow in the open circulatory system of asellus aquaticus. We are able to see the haemolymph moving through its limbs in different directions. Biology - Human Body - Learning Points. Large...
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Elephant's Toothpaste
We create a rapidly expanding column of foam by mixing chemicals. Hydrogen peroxide and detergent are added to potassium iodide and food colouring to set off a reaction that creates vibrant expanding foam. Chemistry - Reactions -...
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Extraction of Aluminium
Explore the difficulties of extracting aluminium from its ore, and how the vast quantities of heat and electricity generated by electrolysis allow this to happen. Chemistry - ReactionsLearning Points. Aluminium is difficult to extract...
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Covalent Bonding
How non-metal elements combine by covalent bonds to form compounds. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Covalent bonds occur between non-metal atoms. The number of bonds depends on how many electrons are in the outer shell....
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Redox Reactions
For centuries, humans have been extracting metals from molten ores. Today, the basic technique remains the same, but how does extraction work? Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points. Metals can be extracted from rocks if they are heated...
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Forensics: Bog Bodies
A look at the ancient preserved bodies that forensic scientists can examine in order to gain a better understanding of our ancient past. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Forensic scientists can help us understand our...
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The Dark Side of Oxygen
We depend on oxygen for life. But in fact, oxygen is corrosive: ageing us, damaging cell DNA, and 'rusting' us from the inside. Biology - Human Body - Learning Points. Oxygen is vital in powering every cell and process in the human body....
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The Cell Membrane
Journey inside the cell to see how the cell membrane acts as both a barrier and an entrance. How does it take in nutrients while keeping out potentially damaging molecules? Biology - Cells And DNA - Learning Points. The cell membrane...
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Intuition
What is intuition and how does it work? A fireman explains how intuition saved his and his crews' lives. Biology - Being Human - Learning Points. The human brain has powers we aren't normally aware of. There is a part of our brain that...
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How the Oceans Formed
The same water has been on Earth for four and a half billion years. Where did this water come from? Earth Science - Weather - Learning Points. 4.5 billion years ago, the Earth's surface was too hot for water to exist. Inside the Earth's...