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How Would We Know if We Were in a Simulation?
The simulation hypothesis is the idea that everything we experience, including our memories and consciousness could be an advanced digital simulation created by a technologically advanced civilization. It's so advanced that it’s...
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One Theory that Connects Everything: AdS/CFT Correspondence Demystified
AdS/CFT suggests that our three-dimensional universe can be perfectly modeled by a two-dimensional surface. On one side is AdS, or Anti-de Sitter space, which is a kind of imaginary universe with some unusual properties - negative...
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The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Explained with Sean Carroll
The many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics was put forth by graduate student Hugh Everett in 1957. It was considered preposterous at the time, but is now going mainstream. It requires us to change our paradigm about our...
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Can Life Exist in a Two-Dimensional Universe?
We have 3D + 1D of time. Why aren’t there 4 dimensions or 2 dimensions? Can life exist in the 4th dimension? Is there something special about three dimensions that makes life possible? This is the question that But maybe our thoughts are...
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How Fundamental Constants Define the Limits of Physics: The Planck Scale
How the Planck scale is derived from the most important fundamental constants in physics. This is where our physics ends. If you wanted to simulate the universe in a computer, you would need to enter about 26 fundamental constants. 15 of...
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Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and the End of Determinism
When the nucleus was discovered by Rutherford, it became clear the classical world was not reality, because according to classical electromagnetism, the electron should collapse to the proton. This problem was solved by Niels Bohr who...
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Quantum Holonomy Theory: A New Take on the Limits of Reductionism
Does a final theory exist that can end our reductionist probing into ever shorter distances? Or is there no end to reductionism? There should be an end point because as the object of our measurement gets small enough, the high energies...
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How Superconductors Work at the Quantum Level
In 1908, Dutch physicist Heike Onnes figured out how to turn helium gas to liquified helium for the first time. He cooled Mercury and found that all its electrical resistance went away. Electricity in a superconducting wire will continue...
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Does the Many Worlds Theory Suggest Quantum Immortality?
Quantum Immortality - is it real? Quantum mechanics shows that all particles are not particles at all but really waves of probabilities. There are two common interpretations of how these waves become distinct- one is the "many worlds...
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How Scientists Simulated a Wormhole in the Lab
A quantum wormhole was created by a team of physicists led by Maria Spiropulu of CalTech. But this was not a wormhole in spacetime, but a quantum holographic wormhole created inside a quantum computer. The two main theories that describe...
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Is the Universe a Hologram? Exploring the Holographic Principle
Holographic Universe? Are we living on a hologram? Or inside a black hole? Our perception is that we live in a three dimensional world. What if our three dimensions, can be equally represented on a two dimensional surface? Does this mean...
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Copenhagen vs. Many Worlds: Two Views of Quantum Mechanics Explained
Physicists know how to use the equations of quantum mechanics to predict things, but don't really understand what is fundamentally going on. The primary challenge is that according to the equations of QM, all particles exist in a state...
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Have We Only Discovered Half of Physics? Understanding Supersymmetry
Summary: In this video I explain what supersymmetry is, why physicists think it should exist, why we haven't discovered it, and why it is necessary. There's a theoretical idea that could get us closer to a theory of everything, and could...
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How Can Mass and Energy Be the Same Thing?
SUMMARY How is mass and energy the same thing? What is mass really? If you weigh 80kg and are in a car moving 100km/hr, your energy is equal to about 30000 joules. But did you know that the energy you have standing still, not moving at...
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Does a Copy of You Exist in a Multiverse?
SUMMARY The idea that there may be different versions of you comes from the concept of multiverses. There are many types of multiverses in physics. But at least two multiverse concepts based on generally accepted and observationally...
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Could Time Be an Illusion?
SUMMARY What if time is not real, but an illusion? Isaac Newton believed time was absolute and ticked at the same rate for everyone, everywhere. But Albert Einstein shattered that view with the theory of relativity. He showed that time...
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How the Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Works
The original paper by the authors who first performed the Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser implied retro causality. But retro causality is true only if you assume a classical way of thinking. But that's not the way quantum mechanics works.
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Anti-Gravity: the Force that's Tearing Space Apart
SUMMARY What if gravity repelled instead of attracted? Repulsive gravity may have shaped the entire history of our universe. For centuries gravity was defined by Isaac Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation which said, “every object in...
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A Visual Guide to Fundamental Forces and Particles
Summary: Everything you can see is made of up of the same fundamental particles. The best theory of fundamental particles and forces is the Standard model of particle physics. It’s really a collection of quantum field theories describing...
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Quantum Theory, Parallel Universes, and Quantum Immortality
Parallel universes are not a theory, but deductions from the "Many Worlds" interpretation of quantum mechanics. And there is at least on other theory that predicts not alternate universes but parallel universes where the universes are...
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Is Quantum Tunneling Essential to Life and the Universe?
What is this mysterious quantum tunneling effect, where does it come from? And why is it one of the most important phenomena in physics? Quantum mechanics shows that quantum objects have a wave-particle duality. What we think of as an...
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How Does Smell Work? Investigating the Quantum Connection
How Does our Olfactory system work? How do we Smell? It turns out that quantum mechanics plays a big role. What you may not realize is that inside your nose rests a very sensitive quantum device that uses complex physics to give you the...
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Daily B2 Phrases - English Lessons for Intermediate Learners
Do you know these 13 daily B2 phrases? Idioms are important at a B2 level, as they occur regularly in daily English conversations. Subscribe for more English lessons for intermediate learners.