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The Elements: Sulfur
Find out what's responsible for the smell of rotten eggs - compounds of sulfur! Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. Sulfur in its pure form is a bright yellow solid. Sulfur compounds are responsible for pungent smells, like raw...
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Leaded and Unleaded Petrol
In USA in the 1970s, 200,000 tonnes of lead was added to petrol every year. Now leaded petrol for cars is banned. Discover the dangers of tetraethyl lead in petrol. Chemistry - Chemical Industries - Learning Points. Midgley Junior added...
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Crystals in Caves
Discover the chemical processes occurring deep within the Earth that create beautiful crystal structures in caves. Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points. Caves are a result of rainwater slowly carving away rock. Carbonic acid forms in...
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Pollution: Water
How does water get polluted? Discover what water pollution means for the environment and how it affects humans. Earth Science - Human Impacts - Learning Points. Industry, agriculture and sewage all contribute to water pollution....
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Plants and Medicine
Discover how artichokes, garlic and poppies play important roles in medicine, pain management and the treatment of disease. Biology - Plants - Learning Points. The medicinal properties of plants have saved countless lives. Over half of...
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Esters and Perfumes
Esters occur in nature and have been harnessed by the perfume industry. What are esters and how are they made and used? Chemistry - Chemical Industries - Learning Points. Esters give many fruits their scents, including bananas, lavender...
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Transition Metals
Transition metals are the largest group in the periodic table. Find out what similarities they share, and how we make use of these metals. Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. Transition metals are found as a block in the middle...
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Introduction to Chemical Bonding
The basic ways elements combine to create compounds, fundamental to life as we know it. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. There are 92 naturally occurring elements. They fall into two categories: metals and non-metals....
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Citrus Fruit Battery
We use lemons and strips of zinc and copper to make a battery. First, strips of copper and zinc are added to one lemon and they are connected across a voltmeter. This is repeated, this time with more lemons and metal plates, until a...
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Ionic Bonding
How metals and non-metals combine to form compounds with unique and very different properties. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. An electrically charged atom is called an ion. Ionic bonds are very strong. Ions are formed...
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Forming Iron Sulfide
We examine the different properties of iron and sulfur when they are mixed and when they are chemically combined. When iron and sulfur are mixed they retain their individual properties. When they react chemically to form iron sulfide...
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Ion Migration
We separate the ions in copper dichromate gel using electrolysis. We see the positive blue copper ions move to the negative electrode and the negative yellow chromate ions move to the positive electrode. Chemistry - Reactions - Learning...
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Covalent Bonding
How non-metal elements combine by covalent bonds to form compounds. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Covalent bonds occur between non-metal atoms. The number of bonds depends on how many electrons are in the outer shell....
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Natural Versus Artificial
Are all artificial chemicals bad for our health? Revealing the health implications of natural and artificial chemicals, and the natural chemicals which can be deadly. Chemistry - Chemical Industries - Learning Points. All matter consists...
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Biphenyls & Optical Isomerism: When Planes Matter
Biphenyls are compounds consisting of two benzene rings connected by a single bond. In certain biphenyls, bulky substituents on the ortho positions of the rings can prevent free rotation around the bond, locking the rings in different...
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Allenes and Optical Activity: A Surprising Twist!
Allenes are compounds with a unique structure characterized by two adjacent double bonds (C=C=C). Despite having no traditional chiral centers, certain substituted allenes can exhibit chirality and optical activity due to their rigid,...
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Conditions for Optical Activity: When Molecules Twist Light
For a molecule to exhibit optical activity, it must be chiral, meaning it has no internal plane of symmetry. Additionally, the solution or compound should not contain equal amounts of enantiomers (racemic mixture), as these cancel out...
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Optical Activity: When Light Meets Molecules
Optical activity refers to the ability of chiral compounds to rotate the plane of polarized light. Compounds that rotate light clockwise are termed dextrorotatory (+), while those that rotate it counterclockwise are levorotatory (−). The...
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Functional Isomerism & Metamerism: Discovering Molecular Twins
Functional isomerism occurs when compounds with the same molecular formula have different functional groups. For instance, ethanol (an alcohol) and dimethyl ether (an ether) share the formula 𝐶2𝐻6𝑂C2H6O but differ in their functional...
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Chain & Positional Isomerism: Same Formula, Different Shape!
Chain and positional isomerism are types of structural isomerism in organic chemistry, where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures. In chain isomerism, the carbon backbone differs in branching; for example,...
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Chemical Compounds: Salts
By the end of this learning object, the student will be able to: Explain the meaning of salts and their properties.14004
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The Absorbing Science: From Diapers to Sanitary Napkins
Uncover the technology behind the essential hygiene products like diapers and sanitary napkins. Learn how materials such as super absorbent polymers work to trap liquids effectively, ensuring comfort and dryness, and explore the...
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How to Predict the Products of Double Replacement Reactions
Double replacement chemical reactions, also known as precipitation reactions, are reactions where 2 elements are replaced. But you have to make sure that you replace the correct elements! In this video, we show you not only how to...
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The ONE trick to naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions in Chemistry!
A polyatomic ion is an ion that is made up of multiple elements. Whenever we have a polyatomic ion present, we are not going to change the name at all. The name of the polyatomic ion will stay just as it is. So when we look at the ionic...