The unique force created by hydrogen bonding gives water some unique properties, which seem to defy the laws of nature. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Hydrogen bonding is a special force of attraction between water...

Rain is essential to our planet. Without it, all life on Earth would struggle to survive. How do rain clouds form and what determines whether it rains or not? Earth Science - Weather - Learning Points. Rainfall comes from the clouds...

Discovered in 1985, Buckminsterfullerene has some fascinating characteristics. What is it and how is it shaping the future of chemistry? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. In the 1980s, a new carbon allotraope was found -...

Sound waves move through different mediums at different speeds, but why is this? What factors affect the speed of sound? Physics - Waves - Learning Points. Speed of sound depends on many different factors. Temperature, elasticity and...

Introduction to the structure and function of the nose, and how it works in tandem with the brain. How do we tell the difference between good and bad smells, and has this ability helped humans to survive? Biology - Being Human - Learning...

Two or more atoms held strongly together by covalent bonds. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films reinforce...

We investigate the effect that unbalanced charge has on polar molecules. We rub a balloon against hair to build up a negative charge and then hold this near a stream of water and then a stream of treacle. They both bend towards the...

The story of a race between two teams of scientists in the 1950s - Francis Crick and James Watson, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins - desperate to be the first to unlock the molecular structure of DNA. Biology - Cells And DNA -...

Introducing the four main forces of nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, weak and strong nuclear forces. Learn why they are fundamental to life on Earth. Physics - Forces - Learning Points. There are four fundamental forces of nature....

DNA profiling is one of the world's most powerful forensic tools, but how was it developed and how does it work? Biology - Cells And DNA - Learning Points. DNA profiling helps us to link individuals to crimes and free those that are...

How does our DNA make us unique, and how is this unique genetic information passed on when cells divide? Biology - Cells And DNA - Learning Points. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) molecules are found in chromosomes within all our cells. DNA...

As distinct from spontaneous emission, stimulated emission is the process in which a photon is emitted from an atom or molecule when hit by another photon of the right energy. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in...

Very strong chemical bonds between oppositely charged ions. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films reinforce...

The mass of one molecule of a substance. A Twig Science Glossary Film. Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science Glossary Films reinforce abstract concepts and key...

Understanding the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular forces is crucial for mastering chemistry. In this video, we'll break down these concepts into easy-to-understand steps to help you excel in your...

In this video, you'll master bond dipoles in minutes – Chemistry Made Simple! 🌟 Dive into the fascinating world of bond dipoles and learn how to identify these crucial elements in various molecules. Understanding bond dipoles is...

Understanding Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) is essential to success in chemistry and being able to discuss various properties we see in different molecules. In this video we cover the big three IMFs - hydrogen bonding, dipole dipole...

Being able to determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar is very important in chemistry as it allows you to then discuss intermolecular forces present in molecules which helps to predict various physical and chemical properties. In...

Allenes are compounds with a unique structure characterized by two adjacent double bonds (C=C=C). Despite having no traditional chiral centers, certain substituted allenes can exhibit chirality and optical activity due to their rigid,...

Symmetry and optical activity are intricately linked in organic molecules. A molecule is optically active if it can rotate the plane of polarized light. Optical activity arises from the molecule’s lack of symmetry—specifically, its...

For a molecule to exhibit optical activity, it must be chiral, meaning it has no internal plane of symmetry. Additionally, the solution or compound should not contain equal amounts of enantiomers (racemic mixture), as these cancel out...

Chirality refers to molecules that have a non-superimposable mirror image due to an asymmetric carbon atom. These chiral compounds are vital in many biological systems, as their mirror images often have different effects

Optical isomerism occurs in molecules that are chiral, meaning they cannot be superimposed on their mirror images. These isomers, known as enantiomers, differ in their optical activity—they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite...

Conformational isomerism arises due to the rotation around single bonds (sigma bonds) within a molecule. Unlike other types of isomerism, conformational isomers, or conformers, can interconvert without breaking bonds. For example, in...