Formal Charge Made Simple: A Guide to Molecular Stability Formal charge is a bookkeeping tool used to estimate the charge distribution within a molecule. It is calculated by comparing the number of valence electrons in an atom's free...

Chemical bonding explains how atoms combine to form molecules. It involves forces like ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds that hold atoms together, dictating the physical and chemical properties of substances.

This video provides a glimpse into the life and struggles of Diego Maradona, the World Cup champion and football mega star. From his incredible on-field talent to his battles with addiction, marital issues, and health scares, Maradona's...

Hair resists decay even after death due to keratin, a structural protein. The structure and chemical composition of keratin make it difficult for organisms to break it down. Hair outlasts most other soft tissues due to the insoluble and...

One of the most important factors when it comes to mixing any gas with a liquid is solubility, and carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water. In fact, it's the most soluble of the common, non-toxic gases with high solubility. To give you...

There are many planets in the universe, but very few of them have qualities to support life Taking one celestial body at a time and determining whether it supports life would be slow and inefficient. So, astronomers look for certain...

Why does chemistry happen?? Why do ions form?? Why do elements bond together?? These are all important questions and the answer comes back to one very important principle in chemistry and that is element stability. Elements are stable...

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
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A Twig Science
Glossary Film.
Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig Science...

Not susceptible to any process of decay or change in the long term.
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A Twig Science
Glossary Film.
Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning images and concise textual definitions. Twig...

A solid consisting of atoms, molecules, or ions arranged in a highly ordered, repetitive, three-dimensional lattice.
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A Twig Science
Glossary Film.
Key scientific terms defined in just 60 seconds using stunning...

How a small error in accuracy in the 19th century led to the prediction the Universe would one day fall apart – and the development of chaos theory. How small changes in dynamic systems can lead to much greater, unpredictable events....

Throughout the year, some leaves change colour from green, to yellow, to red. Discover the role chlorophyll, carotene and anthocynanin pigments play in making this happen. Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points. Leaf colour depends on...

Metals are used in the human body for a wide range of medical purposes. Discover which metals are used and what properties they have that can help to heal us. Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. Titanium, stainless steel and...

The story of Alfred Nobel's life work and legacy, and his little known role in the discovery of dynamite. Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1867. Alfred Nobel also founded the Nobel Peace Prize,...

How metals and non-metals combine to form compounds with unique and very different properties. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. An electrically charged atom is called an ion. Ionic bonds are very strong. Ions are formed...

Why is Japan's population ageing? What impacts could this have on the country in future? And how is the government trying to tackle the problem? Human Geography - A Changing World - Learning Points. Japan, like many developed countries,...

The basic ways elements combine to create compounds, fundamental to life as we know it. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. There are 92 naturally occurring elements. They fall into two categories: metals and non-metals....

Discover how radioactive substances change over time, and how this affects whether they are hazardous to humans. Physics - Energy And Radioactivity - Learning Points. Dangerous radioactive substances will not be dangerous forever due to...

Ethane and butane exhibit different conformations due to rotation around their carbon-carbon single bonds. In ethane, the most stable conformation is the staggered form, where the hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbons are positioned as far...

Hyperconjugation plays a significant role in stabilizing carbocations, where adjacent alkyl groups donate electron density via sigma bonds to the positively charged carbon, spreading the charge and increasing stability.

When writing resonance structures, it's essential to follow certain rules: only electrons move, not atoms; all structures must have valid bonding; and charges should be minimized. These guidelines ensure resonance structures accurately...

Pi-n conjugation occurs when a lone pair of electrons (n) interacts with a pi system, enhancing electron delocalization. This conjugation stabilizes the molecule, as the lone pair contributes to the overall resonance. Pi-n conjugation...

Uncover the intriguing history of the Leaning Tower of Pisa in this captivating history episode! Explore the architectural marvels and the fascinating story behind one of the world's most iconic landmarks. Learn about the construction...

Watch a visual similation and explanation of the key events leading up to the Chernobyl accident. Starting with the reactor operating at 50% power, this simulation demonstrates the subsequent reduction to 30% power for a safety...