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Laws of Thermodynamics
Find out what these two principal laws explain about the way energy can and cannot be used throughout the entire Universe. Physics - Energy And Radioactivity - Learning Points. The 1st law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither...
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Pandemic Viruses
Pandemic viruses can spread around the world. Viruses invade our bodies destroying cells and infecting others, but how do they do it? Biology - Cells And DNA - Learning Points. Viruses are deadly, contagious and can spread easily around...
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The Elements: Iron
Iron is crucial in many areas of life: it is found in our blood, as well as being used to build bridges. Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. Iron is one of the most common element on Earth. Iron is found in living organisms....
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Life Without the Moon
The Moon holds Earth in place and dictates our seasons. What happens to planets without a moon like ours? Physics - Our Solar System - Learning Points. The Moon formed after Earth collided with its twin, Theia. In proportion to the size...
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Earthly Treasures: Precious Gemstones
Discover the specific conditions needed for the formation of emeralds, rubies and sapphires; and how there is now potential to 'grow' them in laboratories. Earth Science - Geology - Learning Points. Emeralds are made from beryllium....
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The Elements: Sodium
Find out why sodium is highly reactive and highly useful! Chemistry - Periodic Table - Learning Points. Sodium is a highly reactive metal. Sodium is so reactive, it cannot exist naturally in its pure state. Sodium is found in salt, soap...
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Red Hot: Emergency Stop
Revealed: the tremendous heat created and energy 'lost' when cars brake. Physics - Energy And Radioactivity - Learning Points. Car brakes convert kinetic energy into heat energy. When you press the car brake pad a system of levers and...
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Earthly Treasures: Gold
Gold can be found in many forms and has been used as currency for centuries. But what properties does it have that make it so valuable? Earth Science - Geology - Learning Points. Gold occurs naturally in many distinct forms. Native gold...
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Big Bang Theory
Discover one theory about a single event over 13.8 billion years ago, that might have created our Universe. Physics - Universe - Learning Points. The Big Bang took place over 13.8 billion years ago. The Big Bang caused our Universe to...
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Albatross
Did you know that albatrosses spend most of their lives at sea? Biology - Animal Kingdom - Learning Points. Some species of albatross have been known to fly 1000 kilometres in a single day. Albatrosses spend most of their lives at sea,...
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Plant Transport
How does a tall tree draw water from its roots to its leaves? And how does food made in leaves reach the rest of a plant? Discover how plants transport resources via the xylem and phloem. Biology - Plants - Learning Points. Transpiration...
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What Are Comets?
How comets change as they journey around the Sun, what are they made of and where are they found? Physics - Universe - Learning Points. Comets formed from dust and ice particles when the Solar System was very young. There are at least a...
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Coastal Landforms
Coastal erosion produces beautiful beaches and some rather unusual land formations, from spits to stacks, mud flats to salt marshes. Earth Science - Geology - Learning Points. Cliffs are formed when destructive waves attack the bottom of...
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Carbon: Introduction
Carbon occurs naturally in four different forms. Discover how they differ and why? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Carbon is present in all living organisms. Carbon in its elemental form appears as four distinct...
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Acids and Alkalis: Part 2
Alkalis and acids can be neutralised to great and varied effect. For example, it is neutralisation reactions that help us breathe underwater or cure indigestion. Chemistry - Reactions - Learning Points. A neutral solution is pH 7 Sodium...
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How Did The Grand Canyon Form?
Learn how the Colorado River carved this incredible land formation, revealing nearly two billion years of the Earth's geological history in the process. Earth Science - Geology - Learning Points. The Grand Canyon is a gorge 2km deep,...
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Nobel Prize By Chance
What scientists believed was a technical fault with their equipment turned out to be radiation left over from the Big Bang - one of the greatest astronomical discoveries of the 20th century. Physics - Universe - Learning Points....
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Natural Selection - Survival of the Fittest
Darwin's theory of Natural Selection reveals an intense struggle for existence: a constant fight between individuals, species, and their physical environment, where only the fittest survive. Biology - Adaptation And Evolution - Learning...
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Metallic Bonding
Metals can be strong and hard, or they can be flexible. It's the special behaviour of ions that give metals their different properties. Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Metal atoms bond together and create giant lattice...
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Rock Types - Geological Formations
An explanation of the geological processes which lead to the formation of different types of rock. Earth Science - Geology - Learning Points. There are three types of rock: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. Sedimentary rock forms...
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Contraception: Barrier Methods
Discover how barrier methods of contraception can not only prevent pregnancy but stop the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Biology - Being Human - Learning Points. Barrier method contraceptives prevent the sperm from reaching...
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Changing States of Matter
Water can either be a solid, a liquid or a gas. How does matter change state? Chemistry - Atoms And Bonding - Learning Points. Ice, liquid water and steam all consist of exactly the same molecules. Evaporation occurs when the temperature...
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Killer Heat Wave
Heat waves form when an area of high pressure becomes stationary over a region. The heat wave that struck Chicago brought hot sunny tropical weather, but its effects were devastating. Earth Science - Weather - Learning Points. A heat...
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Invention of Nylon
Nylon is one of the strongest polymers created by man. What makes it so durable? Chemistry - Chemical Industries - Learning Points. In the past, clothes were all made from natural sources, such as silk, wool and cotton. Then Wallace...