Bozeman Science
Heat Exchange
In this video Paul Andersen explains how energy can be transferred from warmer objects to colder objects through heat. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. When two objects are in...
Bozeman Science
Bond Length and Bond Energy
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the bond length and bond energy are calculated using an energy distance graph. The strength of the bond is determined by the charges in the constituent atoms. As the charge increases the bond...
Bozeman Science
Biological and Polymer Systems
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the structure of a biomolecule fits the function of the biomolecule. For example and enzyme must interact correctly with a substrate to lower the activation energy, The covalent and non-covalent...
Bozeman Science
Chemical Change
In this video Paul Andersen explains how chemical differs from physical change. In the laboratory macroscopic observations are used to infer changes at the particulate level. Evidence for chemical change include gas production, change in...
Bozeman Science
Periodicity
In this video Paul Andersen explains why atoms in the periodic table show trends in ionization energy, atomic radii, electronegativity and charge. All of these trends are explained through Coulomb's Law. A brief description of Dmitri...
Bozeman Science
Using Gibbs Free Energy
In this video Paul Andersen explains how you can use the Gibbs Free Energy equation to determine if a process is spontaneous or not spontaneous. If the _G is less than zero the process is spontaneous. If the _G is greater than zero the...
Bozeman Science
Dipole Forces
In this video Paul Andersen describes the intermolecular forces associated with dipoles. A dipole is a molecule that has split charge. Dipole may form associations with other dipoles, induced dipoles or ions. An important type of...
Bozeman Science
Entropy
In this video Paul Andersen explains that entropy is simply the dispersion of matter or energy. He begins with a series of video that show the natural direction of processes. According to the second law of thermodynamics the entropy may...
Bozeman Science
Catalyst Classes
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the three types of catalyst classes act to speed up reactions. Acid-base catalysts either add or remove a proton from one of the reactants. Surface catalysts provide active sites where reactants...
Bozeman Science
Redox Reactions
In this video Paul Andersen explains how redox reactions are driven by the movement of electrons from the substance that is oxidized to the substance that is reduced. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gaining of...
Bozeman Science
The Rate Constant
In this video Paul Andersen describes the characteristics of the rate constant in chemical reactions. The rate constant is highly variable in reactions and must be determined experimentally. The rate constant is dependent on both...
Bozeman Science
Coulomb's Law
In this video Paul Andersen explains how we can use Coulomb's law to predict the structure of atoms. These predictions can be verified through the use of Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES). Electron's are help around the nucleus because of...
Bozeman Science
Energy Changing Processes
In this video Paul Andersen explains how energy can enter and leave a system. The amount of energy a substance can receive through heating or lose through cooling is measured using the specific heat capacity. Phase changing energy from...
Bozeman Science
Elementary Reactions
In this video Paul Andersen explains that elementary reactions are steps within a larger reaction mechanism. Colliding molecules require sufficient energy and proper orientation to break bonds and form new bonds. A unimolecular reaction...
Bozeman Science
Activation Energy
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the activation energy is a measure of the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Due to the collision theory the activation energy requires proper energy and orientation of...
Bozeman Science
Spontaneous Processes
In this video Paul Andersen discriminates between spontaneous (or thermodynamically favored) processes and those that are not spontaneous. A spontaneous process requires no external energy source. If the enthalpy change in a reaction is...
Bozeman Science
Calorimetry
In this video Paul Andersen describes the history of calorimetry and explains how it can be used to measure energy changes in a system. The specific heat of water is well established and so as a system releases or absorbs energy from a...
Bozeman Science
Temperature
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object. The temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy according to the Kelvin scale. At absolute zero...
Bozeman Science
Catalysts
Paul Andersen explains how catalysts can speed up a reaction without being consumed in the reaction. Catalysts can lower the activation energy of reaction be stabilizing the transition state. They can also create new reaction pathways...
Bozeman Science
Solutions
In this video Paul Andersen explains the important properties of solutions. A solution can be either a solid, liquid or gas but it must be homogeneous in nature. The solutes can not be separated with a filter and so either chromatography...
Bozeman Science
Equilibrium
In this video Paul Andersen explains how equilibrium is achieved in a reversible reaction. When the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction the system is at equilibrium. Graphical analysis of equilibrium...
Bozeman Science
The Equilibrium Constant
In this video Paul Andersen defines the equilibrium constant (K) and explains how it can be calculated in various reversible reactions. The equilibrium constant is a ratio of the concentration of the products to the concentration of the...
Bozeman Science
Enthalpy of Reaction
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the enthalpy of a reaction can be released in an exothermic or consumed in an endothermic reaction. According to Hess's law if the reaction is reversed the sign of the enthalpy of reaction is also...
Bozeman Science
The Rate of Reactions
In this video Paul Andersen defines the rate of a reaction as the number of reactants that are consumed during a given period of time. The rate of the reaction can be affected by the type of reaction as well as the concentration,...