Bozeman Science
The Rate Law
Paul Andersen explains how the rate law can be used to determined the speed of a reaction over time. Zeroth-order, first-order and second-order reactions are described as well as the overall rate law of a reaction. The rate of a reaction...
Bozeman Science
Gases
In this video Paul Andersen explains how gases differ from the other phases of matter. An ideal gas is a model that allows scientists to predict the movement of gas under varying pressure, temperature and volume. A description of both...
Bozeman Science
Solubility
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the dissolution of a solute in a solution can be explained as a reversible reaction. Bonds in the solid solute are broken and the ions are dissolved in a solution. The Ksp (or solubility product...
Bozeman Science
Electrochemistry
In this video Paul Andersen explains how electrochemical reactions can separate the reduction and oxidation portions of a redox reactions to generate (or consume) electricity. The half reactions can be analyzed to determine the potential...
Bozeman Science
Stoichiometry
In this video Paul Andersen explains how stoichiometry can be used to quantify differences in chemical reactions. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation express the mole proportions in that reaction. These values can be used to...
Bozeman Science
Solids and Liquids
In this video Paul Andersen compares and contrasts the properties of solids and liquids. Solids have a more organized structure which can either be amorphous or crystalline. In liquids the intermolecular forces are lower and so the...
Bozeman Science
Molecular Solids
In this video Paul Andersen describes the structure and explains the properties of molecular solids. High intramolecular forces hold electrons and reduce conductivity, whereas low intermolecular forces decrease the melting point....
Bozeman Science
The Reaction Quotient
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the reaction quotient is used to determine the progress of a reversible reaction. The reaction quotient (Q) is the ratio of the concentration of products to the concentration of reactants. The...
Bozeman Science
Electron Configuration
In this video Paul Andersen explains how to write out the electron configuration for atoms on the periodic table. More importantly he shows you why electrons arrange themselves in shells, subshells and orbitals by using Coulomb's law and...
Bozeman Science
Acid-Base Equilibrium
In this video Paul Andersen explains how acid-base chemistry can be understood in terms of equilibrium. Water is present in all acid-base chemistry and is amphoteric in nature. The Ka and Kb values can be used to determine the strength...
Bozeman Science
Covalent Network Solids
In this video Paul Andersen explains how covalent network solids form elementally (like graphite) or by combining multiple nonmetals (like quartz). Covalent network solids contain elements from the carbon group because they have four...
Bozeman Science
Covalent Bonding
In this video Paul Andersen explains how covalent bonds form between atoms that are sharing electrons. Atoms that have the same electronegativity create nonpolar covalent bonds. The bond energy and bond length can be determined by...
Bozeman Science
Metallic Solids
In this video Paul Andersen explains how metallic solids form when delocalized electrons hold the positive nuclei in an electron sea. This model helps to explain the properties of metals like conductivity, shiny appearance, malleability,...
Bozeman Science
Metallic Bonding
In this video Paul Andersen explains how metallic bonding structure creates the different properties of metals. The electron sea model explains how the positive nuclei are locked into a negative sea of delocalized electrons. This sharing...
Bozeman Science
Intermolecular Forces
In this video Paul Andersen explains how intermolecular forces differ from intramolecular forces. He then explains how differences in these forces account for different properties in solid, liquids and gases. Some of these properties...
Bozeman Science
Atomic Models
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the atomic model has changed over time. A model is simply a theoretical construct of phenomenon and so when we receive new data we may have to refine our model. Ionization energy data resulted in...
Bozeman Science
The Mole
In this video Paul Andersen defines and explains the importance of the mole. The mole is simply a number (like a dozen) used to express the massive number of atoms in matter. It serves as a bridge between the mass of a compound and the...
Bozeman Science
The Rate-Limiting Step
In this video Paul Andersen explains why the slowest elementary step in a chemical reaction is the rate-limiting step. This step can be used to determine the overall rate law of the chemical reaction.
Bozeman Science
Energy Transfer
In this video Paul Andersen explains how energy can be transferred from one system to another. In a closed system the energy can be transferred as either work or heat. Thermal energy transfer is know as energy transfer through heat....
Bozeman Science
Conservation of Energy
In this video Paul Andersen explains how energy can neither be created nor destroyed but may be transferred. Energy comes in many forms (including chemical, mechanical, light, electrical, and thermal). In AP Chemistry students must be...
Bozeman Science
Quantum Mechanical Model
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the quantum mechanical model of the atom refined the shell model. Uncertainty of the position of the electron as well as spin forces chemists to create an improved model. In this model the...
Bozeman Science
Elements and Molecules
In this video Paul Andersen explains how elements and molecules are made of atoms. In a pure sample of a pure substance the average mass remains the same. If more than one atom is found in a molecule the ration of average masses remains...
Catalyst University
General Chemistry | Ideal Gas Law (PV=nRT) [Example #2]
In this video, we will do a second example calculation using the ideal gas equation of state, PV=nRT. [Solving for pressure, P]
Catalyst University
General Chemistry | Lewis Structures (Example #2)
In this video, we will determine the Lewis structure for a given compound.