From the Encyclopedia of American Social History. Read about the black migration to the West, primarily Kansas and Oklahoma after the end of Reconstruction and the institution of black codes in the South.

Essay on European-American westward expansion and the conflict new settlement created with Native Americans. Author describes the development of a hierarchical structure in which indigenous peoples were exploited and unprotected.

A discussion of how Manifest Destiny became a philosophy that justified and fueled Americans' ideas about expansion and annexation of new territories.

This site highlights the westward expansion of settlers in North America and the effects this expansion had on Native Americans between the Revolutionary and Civil Wars.

[Free Registration/Login Required] This flipchart covers the history of the conflict between the US government and Native Americans on the Great Plains in the late 1800's.

This resource by the National Humanities Center features a short story, "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky", by Stephen Crane about the closing of the American frontier.

With this activity, learners create models of carbohydrates and proteins using pieces of candy in order "to visualize the atomic arrangements of nutrient molecules."

Examines the history of the buffalo soldiers in Texas after the Civil War, the obstacles they faced due to racism, and how other African Americans perceived them.

This site, compiled in hypertext format by student teams at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, from U.S. Information Agency publications, takes a brief look at Kennedy's administration, the "New Frontier."

A history of the earliest versions of the Winchester rifle, which found a ready market in the American West after the Civil War.

This is a PDF of the information from LOC of the exhibition of America's move to its first West, that of the Ohio River Valley. Discussion includes these topics: Contested Lands, Peoples and Migrations, Empires and Politics, Western Life...

Full text of the speech given by President Johnson after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In his speech, he pledges to pursue Kennedy's legislative goals.

The site of the PBS documentary "Lost in the Grand Canyon," features the story of John Wesley Powell and his famed trip down the Colorado River.

Part of the main feature called "Lost in the Grand Canyon," follow scientific explorer John Wesley Powell on his expedition down the Colorado River in 1869. This interactive map with its accompanying journal entries details the course of...

Imagine moving into a house made out of sod that you and your family had to build in the middle of a prairie! Find great information and activities that will help you understand how it felt to live on the prairie.

Featured are excerpts from the speech by Senator John F. Kennedy, Valley Forge Country Club, Valley Forge, PA given on October 29, 1960 during his campaign for the Presidency.

This PBS website provides a brief biographical sketch of Frederick Jackson Turner, and an overview of his theory regarding the significance of the American western frontier as the defining experience in the development of the American...

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid are legendary outlaws of the American West who robbed banks and trains. This is an account of their 1899 train robbery as reported in the June 8, 1899 issue of the Buffalo Bulletin.

Experiences during the colonial years certainly were not the same for different cultural groups. This site compares and contrasts the housing, clothing, food, religion and family life of Native Americans, French settlers, and African...

A brief look at the conflict between Native Americans in the last half of the 19th century. By the end of the century, Native Americans were relegated to reservation life. See how the struggle was fought and find out the advantages of...

Explains what the term 'Manifest Destiny' meant during the expansion of the frontier as the United States grew and consolidated its borders.

Essay outlines events before and after the Louisiana Purchase from Jefferson convincing the French to cede New Orleans in 1803, to the expedition of Lewis and Clark in 1804.

By the 1890's, the status of Indian people seemed to validate Frederick Jackson Turner's claim that "the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history." Natives ceased to threaten the Republic...

Three early American artists captured the landscape of the unknown frontier which slowly became the state of Texas.