Explore ionic molecular bonds and how electrons and their energy levels come into play.

[Free Registration/Login may be required to access all resource tools.] Covers energy levels of atoms, their relation to orbitals, and the significance of electrons at different energy levels.

Students discover the concept that two atoms can attract and form a covalent bond.

A well designed clear tutorial explaining the energies involved in the Bohr model of the atom. Illustrations add to the clearly presented equations.

An explanation of the different types of atomic orbitals, how they are filled according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and how many electrons can fit in each electron shell.

In this lab, students investigate basic electron structure by making a model using pennies and different sized filter papers.

A lab activity from an AP Physics course. Students measure the energy changes associated with electron level transitions to the second energy level for hydrogen gas. Includes directions and suggestions. Ideal for a student project or lab...

Online activity walks learner through exploration of kinetic and potential energy using animations. Through graphs, a quantitative connection is made between the movement and the energy involved. This information is then related to the...

An explanation of Niels Bohr's (1885 - 1962 CE) Model along with an app that illustrates a hydrogen atom according to the particle or wave model. You can choose a principal quantum number "n." The right part of the graphic represents the...

College-level site goes into great detail about chemical bonding properties, as far as energies, structure, angles, and length. Infrared absorption, the greenhouse effect, and global warming are addressed to exemplify bond length...

Students discover that ionic bonding occurs when electrons are transferred from one atom to the other and not shared as in covalent bonding.

Explains the basics of atomic structure, from simple definitions to information about quantum theory. Accurate and helpful basics whether or not you need the more advanced information.

An outstanding site that can best be described as student friendly. It describes the main differences between the classical and quantum models of the atom. Clear and well illustrated.

Web-based activity walks learners through the use of spectroscopy in determining the identity of atoms and molecules by defining the excited state of atoms, the frequencies of emitted photons, and atoms' ability to absorb them....

From the Brockport High School Physics Labs web pages. Includes an excellent graphic depicting the energy levels of a hydrogen atoms and portraying the electron level transitions for the Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series. Includes both...

The website provides an explanation of the electrons' position in their orbitals as they spin around the nucleus. Quantum theory is also explored by explaining that the exact location of a specific electron is a not exact but a guess.

This University of St. Andrews page provides an interesting discussion of the beginning of the age of quantum physics. (Quantum physics/mechanics is thought to govern the energy levels of electrons in atoms.) There is a references link...

This site from Georgia State University gives information on the transitions of electrons between energy levels. The energy levels for electrons in the hydrogen atom are discussed. The Rydberg equation is stated and electron transitions...

The number of protons in the atom of an element determines its place in the Periodic Table. The number of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of protons. These electrons are arranged in shells or 'energy levels' around the...

A very lengthy page from friesian.com discussing Bohr's theory of electronic energy levels and the explanation of commonly observed atomic emission line spectra. The concept of a photon and Einstein's observation of the photoelectric...

This article is provided by Florida State University. Schroedinger wave equation is explained and how quantum numbers are used to describe the energy level of any electron in an atom. The relationship of atomic orbitals to quantum...

Learners draw and interpret Lewis dot diagrams for individual atoms and both covalent and ionic compounds.

[Free Registration/Login may be required to access all resource tools.] In this online lesson students will describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to...

Students observe and describe, on the molecular level, how heating and cooling affect the motion of molecules in a solid.