Advanced chapter of the book "The Molecular Biology of the Cell" describes and provides illustrations of our most current understanding of the chemical makeup of cells and their components. Explains in detail how electron activity keeps...

Review over covalent, hydrogen, and ionic bonding in this article. Learn how molecules are held together by chemical bonds.

Learn about gradients of molecules that exist across cell membranes, how they can help or hinder transport, and how active transport mechanisms allow molecules to move against their gradients.

Learn about the three stages of the Calvin Cycle reactions: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule. See how the products of the light reactions, ATP and NADPH, are used to fix carbon into sugars in this cycle.