Read about the black codes in various states enacted as a result of Johnson's lenient Reconstruction plans. From "Trial by Fire, A People's History of the Civil War and Reconstruction" by Paige Smith.

[Free Registration/Login Required] An informational text about the black boxes on airplanes being replaced with more reliable digital signals. A question sheet is available to help students build skills in reading comprehension.

From the Encyclopedia of American Social History. Read about the black migration to the West, primarily Kansas and Oklahoma after the end of Reconstruction and the institution of black codes in the South.

Part of an online exhibit called "Forever Free," this section deals with African Americans' efforts to establish themselves in society, despite increases in racism. Addresses topics such as Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, and voting rights.

Looks at how Southerners continued to discriminate against blacks after the Civil War through Black Codes, or Jim Crow laws, which permitted practices such as segregation in public places and requiring literacy tests in order to vote.

A very good overview of Reconstruction in the South after the Civil War. Find the questions that needed to be answered about how to reincorporate the Confederate states, what rights freed blacks would have, and how terms of...

The text of Society of Professional Journalists' code of Ethics. Created by media ethicist Jay Black, Ph.D., the site includes links to resources and information of SPJ's ethics hotline.

In this fascinating talk, Kevin Slavin argues that we're living in a world controlled by algorithms which determine: espionage tactics, stock prices, movie scripts, and architecture. He warns us that we are writing code we can no longer...

An exhibit from the Texas State Library exploring the political achievements of African-Americans in the Texas state legislature and Constitutional Convention from 1865 through the 1890s.

Before his assassination, Abraham Lincoln was already making plans for Reconstruction in the South. Read about his plan and the plan of the Radical Republicans. See the reasoning behind each plan.

How does a country put itself back together after a civil war? Read about the problems with the destruction of the Southern economy and land, the recognition of former slaves as freedmen, and the ways to bring the Southern states back...

Read about the background of the passage of the 14th Amendment which resulted in the famous case before the Supreme Court, Plessy v Ferguson, almost thirty years later. Suggested student exercises ask students to assess the issue of...

A short article describing the impact of Plessy v. Ferguson on the 14th Amendment. Links to other sites.

A great chart comparing Lincoln's and Johnson's reconstruction plans with the plans offered by the Radical Republicans.

After the death of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson was responsible for implementing Reconstruction in the South after the Civil War. Read about his views on African-Americans, and the leniency he offered Confederate leaders and soldiers....

Check out this interactive timeline of the history of freedom from slavery in the United States.

This website contains an interactive timeline about the history of freedom of discrimination in the United States.

A collection of primary source materials that reflect the Jim Crow laws in the United States. Includes analysis tools and teacher guides.

Overview of life after slavery for African Americans.

From the very beginning and through the twentieth century, this comprehensive collection of lessons will enrich students studying the history in between and the effects on South Dakota.

On this site one can find the National Security Agency's history of cryptology, some online exhibits, and sections on mathematics, education, and more.

This site provides many full text poems by Robert Frost. There are also multiple links for more information on Frost and his works.

The site provides background and texts of numerous poems. Follow the links at the bottom of the page to specific poetry books to find complete text of individual poems.

An orographic map of Asia from 1885 showing the major mountain systems, plateaus, and plains, rivers, lakes, and coastal features of the region. This map is color-coded to show general elevations, with green representing lowlands and...