How does a country put itself back together after a civil war? Read about the problems with the destruction of the Southern economy and land, the recognition of former slaves as freedmen, and the ways to bring the Southern states back...

Read about the background of the passage of the 14th Amendment which resulted in the famous case before the Supreme Court, Plessy v Ferguson, almost thirty years later. Suggested student exercises ask students to assess the issue of...

A short article describing the impact of Plessy v. Ferguson on the 14th Amendment. Links to other sites.

A great chart comparing Lincoln's and Johnson's reconstruction plans with the plans offered by the Radical Republicans.

After the death of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson was responsible for implementing Reconstruction in the South after the Civil War. Read about his views on African-Americans, and the leniency he offered Confederate leaders and soldiers....

Check out this interactive timeline of the history of freedom from slavery in the United States.

This website contains an interactive timeline about the history of freedom of discrimination in the United States.

Discusses what life was like for African Americans who were freed from slavery after the Civil War. Includes questions for students.

A collection of primary source materials that reflect the Jim Crow laws in the United States. Includes analysis tools and teacher guides.

Provides a discussion of what life was like for African Americans after slavery ended, focusing on the Freedman's Bureau, Freedman schools, and the Ku Klux Klan.

Overview of life after slavery for African Americans.

The resources here, including letters, photographs, official documents, and maps, represent the exodus of African Americans from the South to the Great Plains in the late 1800s.

From the very beginning and through the twentieth century, this comprehensive collection of lessons will enrich students studying the history in between and the effects on South Dakota.

Three illustrations and five documents about slave codes, master-slave power dynamics, and free blacks within French and Spanish settlements of the Caribbean.

On this site one can find the National Security Agency's history of cryptology, some online exhibits, and sections on mathematics, education, and more.

This site provides many full text poems by Robert Frost. There are also multiple links for more information on Frost and his works.

The site provides background and texts of numerous poems. Follow the links at the bottom of the page to specific poetry books to find complete text of individual poems.

An orographic map of Asia from 1885 showing the major mountain systems, plateaus, and plains, rivers, lakes, and coastal features of the region. This map is color-coded to show general elevations, with green representing lowlands and...

A map from 1901 of Europe, showing the physical features of the region. This map is color-coded to show general elevations from sea level to over 6,500 feet, mountain systems, drainage divides, lakes, rivers, coastal features, and the...

A map of the Hellenes settlements in 550 BC before the Persian Wars, including the southern Balkan Peninsula, the islands and coastal regions of the Mare Aegaeum (Aegean Sea), the southern tip of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily. This...

A map of the extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus (63 BC to AD 14). The map is color-coded to show the territories, and uses Latin place names such as Mare Internum (Mediterranean Sea), Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), and Danubius Fl....

A map from 1920 of western Russia showing the political divisions within the country at the time. The map is color-coded to show the boundaries of European Russia, including the territories of Finland, the Baltic Provinces, Poland, White...

An orographic map of South America from 1885 showing the primary mountain systems and general elevations. The map is color-coded to show highlands in buff tint, lowlands in green, and the major mountain chains with heavy black lines. The...

A map of the United States and Confederate States in 1861. The map is color-coded to show Free Union States, Slave Union States, Confederate States seceding before April 15, 1861, Confederate States seceding after April 15, 1861,...