Antimatter, the charge reversed equivalent of matter, has captured the imaginations of science fiction fans for years as a perfectly efficient form of energy. While normal matter consists of atoms with negatively charged electrons...

An explanation of Hund's rule and how to apply it to quantum mechanics. A mathematical-based explanation.

An explanation using quantum mechanics to describe the atom.

Description of the ideas and experimentation that led to quantum theory. Focus on electrically charged ions and isotopes.

The periodic table was laid out using valences or the electrons in the outermost shell.

A basic explanation of spin and how it relates to electrons and quantum numbers.

A quiz on chemical bonding and valence electrons.

This chart highlights the characteristics of the first through fourth electron orbitals in quantum numbers. Also includes information about the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

This site provides a detailed overview of atoms. Content explores an atom's structure, as well as what ions are, how atoms bond, what compounds are (including how to name compounds), and what isotopes are.

An explanation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle in mathematical terms.

Here you can find out about hydrogen, the first element in the periodic table. Content includes shell information, where to find it in nature, and why it is helpful to us.

Explains the basics of atomic structure, from simple definitions to information about quantum theory. Accurate and helpful basics whether or not you need the more advanced information.

Acting as a subtopic of the General Chemistry Virtual Textbook's section on Atoms and the Periodic Table, this site discusses atomic electron configurations. Specifically, the Aufbau rules are discussed with information on energies of...

[Free Registration/Login may be required to access all resource tools.] Covers transition metal, ionization of transition metals, and inner shell electrons.

[Free Registration/Login may be required to access all resource tools.] Rutherford's model of the atom was better than earlier models. But it wasn't the last word. Danish physicist Niels Bohr created a more accurate and useful model....

A complete overview of Hund's rules including exceptions.

An excellent overview of Hund's Rules. Discusses all three rules thoroughly with provided diagrams.

A very detailed look at the element Gallium, a member of the Boron Group.

A very detailed look at the element Indium, a member of the Boron Group.

A very detailed look at the element Thallium, a member of the Boron Group.

At this site from the Purdue University, the elementary subatomic particles are described and electromagnetic radiation is detailed. Includes learning exercises and answers.

This lesson will define the Octet Rule and how this effects an atom's stability. It is 4 of 5 in the series titled "Octet Rule."

This site describes the energy levels of atoms.

The Schrodinger equation specifies atomic orbitals which are occupied by an electron. Quantum numbers can identify a unique energy level for each electron (set up in a PowerPoint presentation).