Geographic
Workmall: Russia: Gorbachev's Reform Dilemma
This site discusses the opposition that Gorbachev's political reforms met and how a multiparty system evolved.
Ducksters
Ducksters: Biography for Kids: Mikhail Gorbachev
A website containing the biography of Mikhail Gorbachev who was the leader of the Soviet Union who helped end the Cold War.
BBC
Bbc: Three Days That Shook the World
In 1991, communist hardliners attempted to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev for his reforms leading to the break-up of the Soviet Union. The coup lasted for three days. Article dated August 15, 2001.
Other
Temperament in Revolution Gorbachev
An excellent article about Gorbachev's appointment, goals, accomplishments, and personality.
Geographic
Photius Coutsoukis: Russia New Thinking: Foreign Policy Under Gorbachev
This site gives an overview of Gorbachev's foreign policy, which emphasized the enhancement of diplomatic relations and economic cooperation. Read how Soviet relations between foreign countries greatly improved under this and how...
InterKnowledge Corp.
The Soviet Era
Geographia presents a brief political and social history of Russia from the beginning of Soviet rule to the resignation of Gorbachev in 1990.
New York Times
New York Times: Times Machine: End of the Soviet Union
Images of the New York Times from December 26, 1991 depicting the fall of the Soviet Union and Mikhail Gorbachev.
Smithsonian Institution
National Portrait Gallery: The Presidency and the Cold War: Ronald Reagan
The National Portrait Gallery presents a look at presidential actions and decisions about the Cold War. Click on Ronald Reagan to see how his anti-Communist beliefs led to increases in the defense budget, but also, by the end of his...
Other
Picture History: Gorbachev and Reagan in Reykjavik
Image of Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan at the Reykjavik Summit meeting in 1986.
Curated OER
Time: The Time 100: Leaders and Revolutionaries: Gorbachev: Portrait
Portrait of Mikhail Gorbachev.
Library of Congress
Loc: Perestroika
In these revelations from Russian archives, perestroika is explained. Mikhail Gorbachev's program of economic, political, and social restructuring, became the unintended catalyst for dismantling the totalitarian state. Also contains...
BBC
Bbc: 1989: East German Leader Ousted
This BBC article describes how popular unrest which lead to the ousting of East Germany leader Erich Honecker. Examines protests on the part of East German citizens and Gorbachev's decision to remove Honecker.
BBC
Bbc: News: Collapse of the Ussr 10 Years On
Extensive information about the collapse of the USSR. Includes an interactive timeline from 1985 through 1991, an interactive map of the countries of the USSR with country profiles and timelines, eyewitness accounts of the collapse of...
Digital History
Digital History: Collapse of Communism
Overview of the collapse of communism at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s ushered in by Mikhail Gorbachev and his reforms.
Steven Kreis, PhD
The History Guide: Perestroika Defined (1987)
Perestroika, as defined by Mikhail Gorbachev. This excerpt includes the many definitions and applications of the concept of perestroika when used to describe the internal reforms of the Soviet Union that occurred during the 1980s.
BBC
Bbc: Russia: Fall and Rise in 25 Years
Steve Rosenberg looks back at the unpredictable events in Russia in 25 years since communism fell.
Other
Bucknell University: A Chronology of Russian History
An abridged timeline that details the history of Russia from 860 to present day.
AllRefer
All Refer Reference: Russia: Postwar Growth Period
This overview of Soviet economic policy after WWII looks at the command or planned economies and decisions of Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and Gorbachev.
AllRefer
All Refer Reference: Soviet Union: Congress of People's Deputies
The Congress of People's Deputies was a Russian representative body (legislature) created during the Gorbachev era. This is an excellent article describing how the body was formed, membership, and responsibilities.
Other
On This Day: Democratisation
This essay gives background into the introduction of democracy into the Soviet Union in the late 1980's.
ibiblio
Ibiblio: Internal Workings of the Soviet System
This site briefly discusses the workings of the Soviet system and its leaders. Among those discussed are Stalin and his brutal use of police terror as well as Gorbachev and his perestroika plan.
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