Like Native Americans, Mexican Americans and Chinese immigrants suffered harsh consequences due to relentless westward expansion by whites in the nineteenth century.

Essay outlines events before and after the Louisiana Purchase from Jefferson convincing the French to cede New Orleans in 1803, to the expedition of Lewis and Clark in 1804.

A discussion of how Manifest Destiny became a philosophy that justified and fueled Americans' ideas about expansion and annexation of new territories.

Three early American artists captured the landscape of the unknown frontier which slowly became the state of Texas.

Essay on European-American westward expansion and the conflict new settlement created with Native Americans. Author describes the development of a hierarchical structure in which indigenous peoples were exploited and unprotected.

This site provides an explanation of the influence of the frontier on the landed gentry and the role of education in the society.

The Homestead Act of 1862 gave free land to Americans willing to improve it, regardless of race, sex, or nation of origin.

Learn about the lives of pioneer children whose families moved to Nebraska during the period of Western Expansion. Topics include toys, games and other activities for enjoyment.

The study resource from Khan Academy provides an overview of Period 7: 1890-1945 in American History. The Age of Empire is discussed in this lesson. This resource is designed as a review for the AP US History Test.

Contains a description of the Exodusters and their impact on the American West through their immigration.

This site from the PBS production, Scientific American Frontier "Never Say Die", includes a section entitled "The Clock of Life". It provides a discussion of cell death through shortening of the telomere. A good class activity included.

Read an excerpt from "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" by Frederick Jackson Turner.

Arguably the most famous essay every written about the impact of land on American history, Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" explains how Americans' relationship with the environment shaped...

This is the full text of the novel Forest & Frontiers by an Anonymous author. Captain William Wells was a noted hunter and ranger in the western country. He was captured by the Indians when but a child, and raised among them.

This article deals with a variety of topics related to the Prairie biome. Topics covered include More than Just Waving Grass, Birds of a Feather, Bison: From Abundance to Absence, and more.

Find out how the Crow Indians were affected by the opening of the Montana Territory to white settlement. From a companion essay to the PBS series, Frontier House.

Part of a larger site highlighting African-American migration, this site focuses on successful African-American settlements in Oklahoma Territory, which declined after Oklahoma statehood and the introduction of Jim Crow laws.

A picture gallery with information about the roles that Native American women played in everyday life in the late 19th century in the West.

Contains text and photos on the African-American exodus to the West. Includes primary source documents and maps from the era.

Four nineteenth-century landscape paintings that suggest the meaning of the West in American life.

From the Encyclopedia of American Social History. Read about the black migration to the West, primarily Kansas and Oklahoma after the end of Reconstruction and the institution of black codes in the South.

Contains an article written on the African American exodus to Kansas to farm in the late 19th century.

Discusses the history of the people on the Great Plains, both the Native Americans and early settlers.

Discover more about the Rocky Mountains. Why is Colorado called the "Centennial State?" Look at this website for captivating facts.