Paul Andersen shows you how to construct a cladogram from a group of organisms using shared characteristics. He also discusses the process of parsimony in cladogram construction. He then explains how modern cladograms are constructed and...

In this video Paul Andersen describes some of the properties of electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum varies by wavelength from radio waves to gamma rays. We only see a portion of the spectrum known as visible light. A...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how redox reactions are driven by the movement of electrons from the substance that is oxidized to the substance that is reduced. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gaining of...

The magnetic dipole moment is the torque experienced by a material placed in a magnetic field. The magnetic dipole is an intrinsic property at the magnet, domain, atom, and electron level. A magnetic dipole creates magnetic fields that...

Paul Andersen explains how signal transmission is used to alter both cellular function and gene expression. He uses the example of epinephrine release in humans and how it is used in the fight or flight response. Epinephrine causes liver...

In this video Paul Andersen describes the pros and cons of industrial agriculture including: monocropping, irrigation, and the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and GMOs.

In this video Paul Andersen introduces electric charge. Electric charge has been studies by humans and was generalized by scientists such as Benjamin Franklin. The amount of charge in a system is conserved but individual charges can move...

In this video Paul Andersen describes the characteristics of the rate constant in chemical reactions. The rate constant is highly variable in reactions and must be determined experimentally. The rate constant is dependent on both...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how vector addition can be used to determine the electric field of a dipole.

Paul Andersen explains how signal transduction pathways are used by cells to convert chemical messages to cellular action. Epinephrine is used as a sample messenger to trigger the release of glucose from cells in the liver. The...

Paul Andersen starts with a brief description of diffusion and osmosis. He then describes the diffusion demonstration and how molecules move over time. He then explains the concepts behind the osmosis lab and how potatoes are affected by...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how we can use Coulomb's law to predict the structure of atoms. These predictions can be verified through the use of Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES). Electron's are help around the nucleus because of...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the polarity of water makes life on the planet possible. Oxygen is highly electronegative and pulls the electrons closely creating a partial negative charge. The polarity of water (and the...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how energy can enter and leave a system. The amount of energy a substance can receive through heating or lose through cooling is measured using the specific heat capacity. Phase changing energy from...

Paul Andersen explains how disruptions in homeostasis can affect biological systems at all levels. He uses the example of dehydration in animals to explain how disruptions at the cellular level can affect an organism. He also uses the...

In this video Paul Andersen explains that elementary reactions are steps within a larger reaction mechanism. Colliding molecules require sufficient energy and proper orientation to break bonds and form new bonds. A unimolecular reaction...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the perceived frequency of a source depends on the motion of both the source and the observer. As a source approaches an observer the frequency will increase and as it moves away it will decrease....

Paul Andersen describes the important characteristics of viruses. He starts with a brief description of origin theories. He then describes the two characteristics of all viruses; genetic information and protein coats. He also describes...

In this video Paul Andersen discriminates between spontaneous (or thermodynamically favored) processes and those that are not spontaneous. A spontaneous process requires no external energy source. If the enthalpy change in a reaction is...

Paul surveys the Kingdom Plantae. He begins with a brief description of the phylogeny of land plants. He then describes the defining characteristics of plants, including cell walls, embryophytes, alternation of generation and...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the activation energy is a measure of the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Due to the collision theory the activation energy requires proper energy and orientation of...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the conservation of charge applies to objects in a system. When a charged object induces charge or conducts charge to a neutral object the net total of charge will not change. Grounding allows...

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the period is the time between wave and the frequency is the number of waves per second. Period is measured in seconds and frequency is measured in Hertz. Wave period and wave frequency are...

Mr. Andersen contrasts nuclear reactions to chemical reactions. He explains the four main forces of nature; including gravity, electromagnetism, strong, and weak nuclear forces. He also explains how fusion differs from fission.